Question

№ 2. Письменно ответьте на вопросы по-английски. 3) Who usually starts criminal actions in England and in Russia? 4) Who starts civil actions?Civil and public law: differences in procedureMost countries make a rather clear distinction between civil and criminal procedures. For example, an English criminal court may force a defendant to pay a fine as punishment for his crime, and he may sometimes have to pay the legal costs of the prosecution. But the victim of the crime pursues his claim for compensation in a civil, not a criminal, action. (In France, however, a victim of a crime may be awarded damages by a criminal court judge).The standards of proof are higher in a criminal action that in civil one since the loser risks not only financial penalties but also being sent to prison, ( or in some countries, executed). In English law the prosecution must prove the quilt of a criminal “beyond reasonable doubt”, but the plaintiff in a civil action is required to prove his case “on the balance of probabilities”. Thus, in a civil case a сrime cannot be proved if the person or persons judging in doubt the guilt of the suspect and have a reason (not just a feeling or intuition) for his doubt. But, in a civil case, the court will weight all the evidence and decide what is most probable. Criminal and civil procedures are different. Although some systems, including the English, allow a private citizen to bring a criminal prosecution against another citizen, criminal actions are nearly always started by the state. Civil actions, on the other hand, are usually started by individuals.

Answer 1

Ответ:

3) Who usually starts criminal actions in England and in Russia?

Criminal actions are usually started by the state.

4) Who starts civil actions?

Civil actions are usually started by individuals and private citizens

Answer 2

In both England and Russia, criminal actions are typically initiated by the state, while civil actions are usually started by individuals. In England, for example, a criminal court may impose fines and legal costs on a defendant as punishment for a crime, but the victim pursues compensation through a civil action. The distinction between civil and criminal procedures is a common practice in many countries.

One notable difference lies in the standards of proof required in these actions. In a criminal case, such as in English law, the prosecution must prove the guilt of the accused "beyond reasonable doubt." The consequences for the defendant can include financial penalties and imprisonment. On the other hand, in a civil case, the plaintiff is required to prove their case "on the balance of probabilities." This means that the court will weigh all the evidence and decide what is most probable. The aim in a civil case is usually to obtain compensation rather than punishment.

It's interesting to note that in some countries, like France, a victim of a crime may be awarded damages by a criminal court judge. This practice differs from the English system, where compensation claims for the victim are pursued in a civil action.

So, in summary, criminal actions are typically initiated by the state and involve higher standards of proof, while civil actions are usually started by individuals seeking compensation and rely on a lower standard of proof.