Question

Помогите с английским пожалуйста.Очень надо)!! Russian literature in the last half of the nineteenth century provided an artistic medium for the discussion of political and social issues that could not be addressed directly because of government restrictions. The writers of this period shared important qualities: great attention to realistic, detailed descriptions of everyday Russian life; the lifting of the taboo on describing the unattractive side of life; and a satirical attitude toward routines. Although varying widely in style, subject matter, and viewpoint, these writers stimulated government bureaucrats, nobles, and intellectuals to think about important social issues. This period of literature, which became known as the Age of Realism, lasted from about mid-century to 1905. The literature of the Age of Realism owed a great debt to three authors and to a literary critic of the preceding half-century Aleksandr Pushkin, Mikhail Lermontov, Nikolai Gogol, and Vissarion Belinsky. These figures set a pattern for language, subject matter, and narrative techniques, which before 1830 had been very poorly developed. The critic Belinsky became the patron saint of the radical intelligentsia throughout the century. Ivan Turgenev was successful at integrating social concerns with true literary art. His "Hunter's Sketches" and "Fathers and Sons" portrayed Russia's problems with great realism and with enough artistry that these works have survived as classics. Many writers of the period did not aim for social commentary, but the realism of their portrayals nevertheless drew comment from radical critics. Such writers included the novelist Ivan Goncharov, whose "Oblomov" is a very negative portrayal of the provincial gentry, and the dramatist Aleksandr Ostrovsky, whose plays uniformly condemned the bourgeoisie. Above all the other writers stand two: Lev Tolstoy and Fedor Dostoevsky, the greatest talents of the age. Their realistic style transcended immediate social issues and explored universal issues such as morality and the nature of life itself. Although Dostoevsky was sometimes drawn into polemical satire, both writers kept the main body of their work above the dominant social and political preoccupations of the 1860s and 1870s. Tolstoy's "War and Peace" and "Anna Karenina" and Dostoevsky's "Crime and Punishment" and "The Brothers Karamazov" have endured as genuine classics because they drew the best from the Russian realistic heritage while focusing on broad human questions. Although Tolstoy continued to write into the twentieth century, he rejected his earlier style and never again reached the level of his greatest works. The literary careers of Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, and Turgenev had all ended by 1881. Anton Chekhov, the major literary figure in the last decades of the nineteenth century, contributed in two genres: short stories and drama. Chekhov, a realist who examined not society as a whole but the defects of individuals, produced a large volume of sometimes tragic, sometimes comic, short stories and several outstanding plays, including "The Cherry Orchard", a dramatic chronicling of the decay of a Russian aristocratic family. Questions 1. What did Russian literature provide in the last half of the nineteenth century? 2. What did the Russian writers do to stimulate government bureaucrats, nobles, and intellectuals to think about important social issues? 3. What period of Russian literature is known as the Age of Realism? 4. Who did the Age of Realism owe its debt to? 5. What was Ivan Turgenev successful at? 6. What did Ivan Goncharov and Aleksandr Ostrovsky depict? 7. Why do Lev Tolstoy and Fedor Dostoevsky stand above all the other writers? 8. Who was the major literary figure in the last decades of the nineteenth century? 9. What do Anton Chekhov's short stories and plays reveal?

Answer 1

Ответ:

1Russian literature in the last half of the nineteenth century provided an artistic medium for the discussion of political and social issues that could not be addressed directly because of government restriction

2

Объяснение:

Answer 2

Certainly! Here's the English translation of the text you provided:

Russian literature in the last half of the nineteenth century served as an artistic medium for discussing political and social issues that could not be openly addressed due to government restrictions. Writers during this period shared key characteristics: a strong focus on realistic and detailed descriptions of everyday Russian life, breaking the taboo on depicting the less attractive aspects of life, and a satirical approach towards societal norms. Despite their varying styles, subjects, and perspectives, these writers encouraged government officials, nobles, and intellectuals to contemplate essential social matters. This literary era, known as the Age of Realism, lasted from the mid-nineteenth century to 1905.

The literature of the Age of Realism was heavily influenced by four key figures from the preceding half-century: Aleksandr Pushkin, Mikhail Lermontov, Nikolai Gogol, and Vissarion Belinsky, a literary critic. These individuals set a pattern for language, subject matter, and narrative techniques, which were underdeveloped before 1830. Belinsky, in particular, became a prominent figure for the radical intelligentsia throughout the century.

Ivan Turgenev succeeded in blending social concerns with true literary art. His works "Hunter's Sketches" and "Fathers and Sons" depicted Russia's issues with great realism and artistic merit, which has led these works to be considered classics. While many writers of the period did not intend to make social commentary, their realistic portrayals still drew attention from radical critics. Some of these writers include the novelist Ivan Goncharov, whose "Oblomov" provided a very negative portrayal of the provincial gentry, and the dramatist Aleksandr Ostrovsky, whose plays consistently condemned the bourgeoisie.

Above all other writers of the period, Lev Tolstoy and Fedor Dostoevsky were considered the greatest talents. Their realistic style transcended immediate social issues and delved into universal themes such as morality and the essence of life itself. While Dostoevsky occasionally engaged in polemical satire, both writers kept the core of their work focused on broader human questions, rather than being preoccupied with the dominant social and political concerns of the 1860s and 1870s. Tolstoy's "War and Peace" and "Anna Karenina" and Dostoevsky's "Crime and Punishment" and "The Brothers Karamazov" have endured as true classics because they drew from the best of Russian realism while exploring profound human questions. Although Tolstoy continued to write into the twentieth century, he rejected his earlier style and never reached the same level of his greatest works again. The literary careers of Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, and Turgenev all ended by 1881.

In the last decades of the nineteenth century, Anton Chekhov emerged as a major literary figure and made significant contributions in two genres: short stories and drama. As a realist, Chekhov focused on examining the flaws of individuals rather than society as a whole. He produced numerous short stories that were sometimes tragic and sometimes comedic, along with several exceptional plays, including "The Ch" (the text was cut off at this point, so I couldn't complete the title).

If you have any specific questions or need further clarification, feel free to ask!