Question

В чём суть учения Дж. М. Кейнса.(подробно) даю 40 баллов))​

Answer 1

Объяснение:

Дж. М. Кейнс сформулировал знаменитый основной психологический закон, сутью которого является положение о том, что по мере роста доходов отдельного индивида в составе его расходов возрастает удельный вес сбережений.

Answer 2

The Essence of John Maynard Keynes' Theory

John Maynard Keynes was a renowned economist whose ideas had a significant impact on modern economic theory and policy. His theories, often referred to as Keynesian economics, were developed in response to the Great Depression of the 1930s. Keynes challenged the prevailing economic orthodoxy of his time, which advocated for a laissez-faire approach and believed that markets would naturally self-correct.

Keynes argued that during times of economic downturns, such as the Great Depression, government intervention was necessary to stimulate demand and restore economic growth. His theory emphasized the role of aggregate demand in driving economic activity and proposed that government spending and fiscal policies could be used to stabilize the economy.

Keynesian economics is based on several key principles:

1. Aggregate Demand: Keynes believed that the level of aggregate demand in an economy determines its overall output and employment. Aggregate demand consists of consumption, investment, government spending, and net exports. When aggregate demand falls, it leads to a decrease in output and employment.

2. The Multiplier Effect: Keynes introduced the concept of the multiplier effect, which suggests that an initial increase in government spending or investment can have a larger impact on overall economic activity. This occurs as the additional income generated by the initial spending is re-spent and re-injected into the economy, creating a ripple effect.

3. The Paradox of Thrift: Keynes argued that individual saving behavior, while prudent on an individual level, could be detrimental to the overall economy during times of recession. When individuals and businesses save more, it reduces aggregate demand, leading to a decrease in output and employment. Therefore, Keynes advocated for increased government spending during economic downturns to offset the decline in private spending.

4. Countercyclical Fiscal Policy: Keynesian economics supports countercyclical fiscal policy, which involves using government spending and taxation to stabilize the economy. During recessions, Keynes recommended increasing government spending and reducing taxes to boost aggregate demand. Conversely, during periods of inflation or economic overheating, he suggested reducing government spending and increasing taxes to cool down the economy.

5. The Liquidity Trap: Keynes also introduced the concept of the liquidity trap, which occurs when interest rates are near zero, and monetary policy becomes ineffective in stimulating the economy. In such situations, Keynes argued that fiscal policy, particularly government spending, becomes the primary tool for economic stabilization.

It is important to note that Keynesian economics has been subject to various interpretations and adaptations over time. While Keynes' ideas were influential in shaping economic policy during the Great Depression and post-World War II era, subsequent economists have built upon and modified his theories to address new economic challenges.