Question

Сравните между собой рисунки кровеносной системы у разных животных (рыб, земноводных, пресмыкающихся, птиц и млекопитающих). Отметьте у них черты сходства.

Answer 1

Comparison of Circulatory Systems in Different Animals

The circulatory systems of different animals, including fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals, exhibit both similarities and differences. Let's compare the characteristics of their circulatory systems:

Fish: - Fish have a single-loop circulatory system, meaning that blood flows through the heart and gills in a single circuit. - The heart of a fish consists of two chambers: the atrium and the ventricle. - Deoxygenated blood from the body enters the atrium, then is pumped to the gills by the ventricle, where it is oxygenated. - Oxygenated blood is then distributed to the rest of the body. - Fish have a relatively simple circulatory system compared to other animals.

Amphibians: - Amphibians have a double-loop circulatory system, meaning that blood flows through the heart and lungs in one loop and through the body in another loop. - The heart of an amphibian consists of three chambers: two atria and one ventricle. - Deoxygenated blood from the body and oxygenated blood from the lungs enter the ventricle, but they are partially mixed. - The mixed blood is then pumped to the lungs and body, but the oxygenated and deoxygenated blood are not completely separated. - This mixing of blood limits the efficiency of oxygen delivery to the body tissues. - Amphibians have a less efficient circulatory system compared to mammals and birds.

Reptiles: - Reptiles have a double-loop circulatory system similar to amphibians. - The heart of a reptile consists of three chambers: two atria and one ventricle. - However, unlike amphibians, the ventricle in reptiles is partially divided, which reduces the mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. - This partial separation allows for a more efficient delivery of oxygen to the body tissues compared to amphibians. - Reptiles have a more efficient circulatory system than amphibians but less efficient than mammals and birds.

Birds: - Birds have a highly efficient double-loop circulatory system. - The heart of a bird consists of four chambers: two atria and two ventricles. - The right side of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs. - The left side of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the rest of the body. - Birds have a complete separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood, which allows for efficient oxygen delivery to the body tissues. - The circulatory system of birds is highly adapted for the high metabolic demands of flight.

Mammals: - Mammals, including humans, have a highly efficient double-loop circulatory system similar to birds. - The heart of a mammal consists of four chambers: two atria and two ventricles. - The right side of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs. - The left side of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the rest of the body. - Mammals have a complete separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood, allowing for efficient oxygen delivery to the body tissues. - The circulatory system of mammals is highly efficient and adapted to meet the metabolic demands of the body.

In summary, while the circulatory systems of fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals share some similarities, such as the presence of a heart and blood vessels, they also exhibit significant differences in terms of the number of chambers in the heart, the separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood, and the efficiency of oxygen delivery to the body tissues.