Question

Что такое нейрон? Каково его строение и функции?

Answer 1

Нейрон-состоит из тела, коротких отростков денритов и одного длинного отростка-аксона.

Answer 2

What is a neuron?

A neuron is a specialized cell in the nervous system that is responsible for transmitting information through electrical and chemical signals. Neurons are the building blocks of the nervous system and play a crucial role in the communication and processing of information in the brain and other parts of the body.

Structure of a neuron

A neuron consists of several key components:

1. Cell Body (Soma): The cell body contains the nucleus and other organelles necessary for the neuron's metabolic functions.

2. Dendrites: Dendrites are branching extensions that receive signals from other neurons or sensory receptors. They serve as the input region of the neuron.

3. Axon: The axon is a long, slender projection that carries electrical signals away from the cell body. It is covered by a fatty substance called myelin, which helps to insulate and speed up the transmission of signals.

4. Axon Terminal: At the end of the axon, there are small branches called axon terminals. These terminals form synapses with other neurons or target cells, allowing for the transmission of signals.

5. Synapse: A synapse is a small gap between the axon terminal of one neuron and the dendrite or cell body of another neuron. It is the site where neurotransmitters are released to transmit signals from one neuron to another.

Functions of a neuron

Neurons have three main functions:

1. Reception: Neurons receive signals from other neurons or sensory receptors through their dendrites. These signals can be electrical or chemical in nature.

2. Integration: Once a neuron receives signals, it integrates them by summing up the incoming electrical signals. If the sum of these signals reaches a certain threshold, the neuron generates an electrical impulse called an action potential.

3. Transmission: When an action potential is generated, it travels along the axon of the neuron. This electrical signal is transmitted to other neurons or target cells through synapses, where it can initiate a response or further signal transmission.

Neurons work together in complex networks to process and transmit information throughout the nervous system. They play a vital role in various functions, including sensory perception, motor control, memory, and cognition.