Question

ПОМОГИТЕ С БИОЛОГИЕЙ, СРОЧНО, пожалуйста! Известно, что шляпочные грибы растут около определенный видов деревьев: подберезовики-около берёз итд. С чем связаны такие "добрососедские" взаимоотношения грибов и деревьев?

Answer 1

Добрососедские это когда какой либо гриб растет нк на определенном месте. Например пожберезовоки растет около ели. а ель его приняла. А рядом вырос тот гриб который должен там расти.

Answer 2

Mutualistic Relationship Between Fungi and Trees

The "good neighbor" or "mutualistic" relationship between certain species of mushrooms (such as the *Amanita muscaria* or fly agaric) and trees is known as mycorrhizal symbiosis. This symbiotic relationship is beneficial for both the fungi and the trees involved. The fungi provide essential nutrients to the trees, while the trees provide carbohydrates to the fungi.

Nutrient Exchange in Mycorrhizal Symbiosis

In mycorrhizal symbiosis, the fungi form a network of fine threads called mycelium around the tree roots. This mycelium extends into the soil, greatly increasing the surface area available for nutrient absorption. The fungi are particularly efficient at absorbing nutrients like phosphorus and nitrogen from the soil, which can be limited in availability for trees.

The fungi transfer these nutrients to the tree roots, which in turn provide the fungi with carbohydrates produced through photosynthesis. This exchange of nutrients and carbohydrates is essential for the growth and survival of both the fungi and the trees.

Benefits for Trees

The mycorrhizal fungi help trees in several ways:

1. Increased Nutrient Absorption: The extensive mycelium network of the fungi enhances the tree's ability to absorb nutrients from the soil, especially phosphorus and nitrogen.

2. Improved Water Uptake: The mycelium also helps the tree roots to absorb water more efficiently, which is crucial for the tree's hydration and overall health.

3. Protection Against Pathogens: Some mycorrhizal fungi can also protect trees from harmful soil-borne pathogens by forming a physical barrier or producing antifungal compounds.

Benefits for Fungi

The mycorrhizal fungi benefit from this mutualistic relationship in the following ways:

1. Carbohydrate Supply: The trees provide the fungi with carbohydrates, mainly in the form of sugars, which are essential for their growth and reproduction.

2. Habitat and Protection: The tree roots provide a stable habitat for the fungi, protecting them from environmental stressors and predation.

3. Access to Nutrients: The fungi gain access to nutrients that are otherwise difficult to obtain from the soil, such as complex organic compounds.

Conclusion

The "good neighbor" relationship between certain species of mushrooms and trees is an example of mycorrhizal symbiosis. In this mutually beneficial partnership, the fungi provide essential nutrients to the trees, while the trees supply the fungi with carbohydrates. This relationship enhances nutrient absorption, water uptake, and protection against pathogens for the trees, while providing the fungi with a stable habitat, protection, and access to nutrients.