Question

механизм гибели клеток таблица. причина следствиенаименованиеапоптозавтофагиямитотическая катострофаклеточное строениефагоцитоз

Answer 1

Апоптоз – генетически запрограммированная гибель клетки.  -  поддержание клеточного гомеостаза, уничтожение дефектный клеток.

Автофагия( аутофагия) – уничтожение клеточного «мусора»  -увеличение продолжительности жизни клетки, и как следствие предотвращение ранней смерти клетки.

митотическая катастрофа- патология ДНК, веретена деления  - гибель клеток во время митоза.

клеточное строение – не к чему 
Фагоцитоз- появление Антигена – защита оргазма, путем лизирования  АГ.

 

Answer 2

клеточное строение

 правильный ответ

 

Answer 3

Mechanism of Cell Death: Apoptosis, Autophagy, Mitotic Catastrophe, and Phagocytosis

Cell death is a natural process that occurs in various situations, including during development, tissue homeostasis, and in response to cellular stress or damage. There are several mechanisms of cell death, including apoptosis, autophagy, mitotic catastrophe, and phagocytosis. Let's discuss each mechanism in detail.

1. Apoptosis: Apoptosis is a highly regulated form of programmed cell death that plays a crucial role in development, tissue remodeling, and the elimination of damaged or unwanted cells. It is characterized by specific morphological changes, such as cell shrinkage, chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation, and the formation of apoptotic bodies. Apoptosis is tightly regulated by a complex network of signaling pathways, involving both extrinsic (death receptor-mediated) and intrinsic (mitochondrial) pathways [[1]].

2. Autophagy: Autophagy is a cellular process that involves the degradation and recycling of cellular components to maintain cellular homeostasis. It is a highly conserved process and is essential for cell survival during nutrient deprivation, cellular stress, and the removal of damaged organelles or protein aggregates. Autophagy begins with the formation of a double-membrane structure called the autophagosome, which engulfs cytoplasmic material and fuses with lysosomes for degradation [[2]].

3. Mitotic Catastrophe: Mitotic catastrophe is a form of cell death that occurs during mitosis, the process of cell division. It is characterized by abnormal mitotic events, such as chromosome missegregation, multipolar spindle formation, and cytokinesis failure. These abnormalities can lead to cell cycle arrest, DNA damage, and ultimately cell death. Mitotic catastrophe is often triggered by DNA damage, mitotic spindle defects, or defects in cell cycle checkpoints [[3]].

4. Phagocytosis: Phagocytosis is a process by which cells engulf and internalize solid particles, such as bacteria, dead cells, or cellular debris. It is an essential mechanism for the clearance of apoptotic cells and the maintenance of tissue homeostasis. Phagocytosis involves the recognition and binding of particles by phagocytic cells, followed by the formation of a phagosome, which fuses with lysosomes for degradation [[4]].

Table: Mechanisms of Cell Death

| Mechanism | Description | |-----------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | Apoptosis | A highly regulated form of programmed cell death characterized by specific morphological changes, such as cell shrinkage, chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation, and the formation of apoptotic bodies. It plays a crucial role in development, tissue remodeling, and the elimination of damaged or unwanted cells. | | Autophagy | A cellular process that involves the degradation and recycling of cellular components to maintain cellular homeostasis. It begins with the formation of autophagosomes, which engulf cytoplasmic material and fuse with lysosomes for degradation. Autophagy is essential for cell survival during nutrient deprivation, cellular stress, and the removal of damaged organelles or protein aggregates. | | Mitotic Catastrophe | A form of cell death that occurs during mitosis, characterized by abnormal mitotic events, such as chromosome missegregation, multipolar spindle formation, and cytokinesis failure. It can be triggered by DNA damage, mitotic spindle defects, or defects in cell cycle checkpoints. | | Phagocytosis | A process by which cells engulf and internalize solid particles, such as bacteria, dead cells, or cellular debris. It is essential for the clearance of apoptotic cells and the maintenance of tissue homeostasis. Phagocytosis involves the recognition and binding of particles by phagocytic cells, followed by the formation of a phagosome, which fuses with lysosomes for degradation. |

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