Question

Сравните функции хромосом в делящихся и неделящихся клетках.

Answer 1

Хромосомы, их строение и функции. Число хромосом и их видовое постоянство. … Во время митоза происходит деление ядра - кариокинез, и деление цитоплазмы -цитокинез. Все соматические клетки делятся митозом.

Answer 2

Functions of Chromosomes in Dividing Cells

In dividing cells, chromosomes play several important functions. Here are some key functions of chromosomes in dividing cells:

1. Transmission of Genetic Information: Chromosomes are responsible for carrying and transmitting genetic information from one generation to the next. They contain DNA, which carries the instructions for the development and functioning of an organism.

2. DNA Replication: Before cell division occurs, chromosomes undergo DNA replication. This process ensures that each daughter cell receives a complete set of genetic information. During DNA replication, the double-stranded DNA molecule unwinds and each strand serves as a template for the synthesis of a new complementary strand.

3. Chromosome Segregation: During cell division, chromosomes must be accurately segregated to ensure that each daughter cell receives the correct number of chromosomes. This process is crucial for maintaining the stability of the genetic material and preventing abnormalities.

4. Formation of the Mitotic Spindle: Chromosomes play a role in the formation of the mitotic spindle, a structure that helps separate the duplicated chromosomes during cell division. The mitotic spindle is composed of microtubules, which attach to the chromosomes and pull them apart.

5. Cell Cycle Regulation: Chromosomes are involved in regulating the cell cycle, which is the series of events that a cell goes through to divide and produce new cells. Various checkpoints throughout the cell cycle ensure that the process is properly regulated and errors are corrected.

Functions of Chromosomes in Non-dividing Cells

In non-dividing cells, chromosomes also have important functions, although they are not directly involved in cell division. Here are some key functions of chromosomes in non-dividing cells:

1. Maintenance of Genetic Information: Chromosomes in non-dividing cells help maintain the integrity and stability of the genetic information. They ensure that the DNA is protected and organized within the nucleus.

2. Gene Expression: Chromosomes play a crucial role in gene expression, which is the process by which the information encoded in DNA is used to produce functional molecules such as proteins. Chromosomes provide the structural framework for gene regulation and control the accessibility of genes to transcription factors and other regulatory molecules.

3. Chromatin Organization: Chromosomes in non-dividing cells help organize the DNA into a compact and functional structure called chromatin. Chromatin consists of DNA wrapped around proteins called histones, forming a complex called a nucleosome. This organization allows for efficient packaging of the DNA and regulates gene expression.

4. Telomere Maintenance: Telomeres, which are specialized structures at the ends of chromosomes, play a crucial role in maintaining chromosome stability and preventing degradation. Telomeres shorten with each cell division, and their maintenance is essential for the long-term viability of cells.

5. Chromosome Territories: In non-dividing cells, chromosomes occupy specific territories within the nucleus. This spatial organization helps regulate gene expression and facilitates interactions between different regions of the genome.

It's important to note that the functions of chromosomes can vary depending on the cell type and the specific stage of the cell cycle. The functions mentioned above provide a general overview of the roles of chromosomes in dividing and non-dividing cells.