Question

Достижения средних веков

Answer 1

Бумага,хомут, стремена, порох, типография,косой парус (каравелла), собор, витражное стекло.

Answer 2

Achievements of the Middle Ages

The Middle Ages, also known as the medieval period, spanned from the 5th to the 15th century. During this time, various achievements were made in different fields. Here are some notable achievements of the Middle Ages:

1. Architecture and Engineering: - Gothic Architecture: The Middle Ages saw the development of Gothic architecture, characterized by pointed arches, ribbed vaults, and flying buttresses. Gothic cathedrals, such as Notre-Dame Cathedral in Paris and Chartres Cathedral, showcased the technical and artistic advancements of the time. - Castles and Fortifications: The Middle Ages witnessed the construction of numerous castles and fortifications, serving as defensive structures for nobles and rulers. These structures, such as the Tower of London and Krak des Chevaliers, demonstrated the engineering skills of the period.

2. Art and Literature: - Illuminated Manuscripts: The Middle Ages produced exquisite illuminated manuscripts, which were handcrafted books decorated with intricate illustrations and embellishments. Examples include the Book of Kells and the Lindisfarne Gospels. - Epic Poetry: Notable works of epic poetry emerged during the Middle Ages, such as the "Divine Comedy" by Dante Alighieri and the "Canterbury Tales" by Geoffrey Chaucer. These works showcased the literary prowess of the time.

3. Science and Technology: - Advancements in Medicine: During the Middle Ages, medical knowledge and practices improved. Prominent figures like Avicenna and Hildegard of Bingen made significant contributions to medical understanding. - Inventions and Innovations: The Middle Ages saw the invention of various technologies, including the mechanical clock, eyeglasses, and the windmill. These inventions revolutionized daily life and contributed to the progress of society.

4. Exploration and Trade: - The Crusades: The Crusades, a series of military campaigns, had a significant impact on trade and cultural exchange during the Middle Ages. They facilitated the exchange of goods, ideas, and knowledge between Europe and the Middle East. - Maritime Exploration: Explorers like Marco Polo and Ibn Battuta undertook extensive journeys, documenting their experiences and expanding geographical knowledge. Their travels opened up new trade routes and fostered cultural exchange.

5. Education and Scholarship: - Universities: The Middle Ages witnessed the establishment of universities, such as the University of Bologna and the University of Paris. These institutions became centers of learning and contributed to the advancement of knowledge. - Scholasticism: Scholasticism, a philosophical and theological system, emerged during the Middle Ages. Scholars like Thomas Aquinas sought to reconcile faith and reason, leading to intellectual advancements.

These are just a few examples of the achievements of the Middle Ages. The period was marked by significant developments in various fields, leaving a lasting impact on history and shaping the world we live in today.