Question

Что снижает плодородие почвы

Answer 1

Эрозия почвы [1] — разрушение и снос верхних наиболее плодородных горизонтов почвы в результате действия воды и ветра.

Часто, особенно в зарубежной литературе, под эрозией понимают любую разрушительную деятельность геологических сил, таких, как морской прибой, ледники, гравитация; в таком случае эрозия выступает синонимом денудации. Для них, однако, существуют и специальные термины: абразия (волновая эрозия) , экзарация (ледниковая эрозия) , гравитационные процессы, солифлюкция и т. д. Такой же термин (дефляция) используется параллельно с понятием ветровая эрозия, но последнее гораздо более распространено.

По скорости развития эрозию делят на нормальную и ускоренную. Нормальная имеет место всегда при наличии сколько-либо выраженного стока, протекает медленнее почвообразования и не приводит к заметным изменением уровня и формы земной поверхности. Ускоренная идет быстрее почвообразования, приводит к деградации почв и сопровождается заметным изменением рельефа.

По причинам выделяют естественную и антропогенную эрозию. Следует отметить, что антропогенная эрозия не всегда является ускоренной, и наоборот

Answer 2

Factors That Decrease Soil Fertility

There are several factors that can decrease soil fertility. Here are some of the key factors:

1. Soil Erosion: Soil erosion refers to the removal of the top layer of soil by wind, water, or other natural forces. It can lead to the loss of valuable nutrients and organic matter, which are essential for plant growth.

2. Nutrient Depletion: Continuous cultivation of crops without proper nutrient management can deplete the soil of essential nutrients. Plants take up nutrients from the soil, and if these nutrients are not replenished, the soil fertility can decline over time.

3. Soil Compaction: Soil compaction occurs when the soil particles are pressed together, reducing pore space and limiting the movement of air, water, and roots. Compacted soil can hinder root growth and nutrient uptake, leading to decreased soil fertility.

4. Soil Acidification: Soil acidification is the process of decreasing the soil pH, making it more acidic. This can occur due to factors such as acid rain, excessive use of nitrogen-based fertilizers, or leaching of basic cations. Acidic soil can negatively affect nutrient availability and microbial activity, reducing soil fertility.

5. Salinization: Salinization refers to the accumulation of salts in the soil. It can occur in arid and semi-arid regions where evaporation exceeds precipitation, leaving behind salts. High salt levels can hinder plant growth and reduce soil fertility.

6. Pollution and Contamination: Soil pollution and contamination from industrial activities, improper waste disposal, or the use of pesticides and herbicides can have detrimental effects on soil fertility. These pollutants can disrupt soil microbial communities and affect nutrient cycling processes.

7. Overgrazing: Overgrazing by livestock can lead to the removal of vegetation cover and the compaction of soil. This can result in soil erosion, nutrient depletion, and decreased soil fertility.

8. Climate Change: Climate change can impact soil fertility through changes in temperature, precipitation patterns, and extreme weather events. These changes can alter soil moisture levels, nutrient availability, and microbial activity, affecting plant growth and soil fertility.

It's important to note that these factors can interact and compound each other, further exacerbating the decline in soil fertility. Implementing sustainable agricultural practices, such as crop rotation, cover cropping, and proper nutrient management, can help mitigate these factors and maintain or improve soil fertility over time.

I hope this information helps! Let me know if you have any further questions.