Question

Н.Макиавелли Т.Карнейль их идеи и произведения

Answer 1

По всей видимости, имеются в виду Н.Макиавели и Т.Карлейль.

Карлейль - британский философ 19 века. Один из наиболее влиятельных сторонников теории о том, что человеческая история делается выдающимися личностями - героями. Сочинения "Французская революция", "Герои, почитание героев и героические истории". Согласно Карлейлю, герои - выдающиеся личности, такие как, например, Наполеон, Шекспир, Кромвель, возвышаются над толпой обычных обывателей, тем, что исполняют божественное предначертание и своими делами двигают историю и прогресс.

Макиавелли - итальянский, флорентийский политический деятель и философ. Его самое известное произведение - труд "Государь". В этой книге Маккиавелли приводит свои взгляды на практику и методы управления государством. Макиавелли является сторонником сильной государственной власти и считает, что политику для управления народом дозволены любые средства. С именем Макиавелли обычно связывают политику, основанную на жестком, рациональном и циничном подходе к манипулированию толпой.

Answer 2

Niccolò Machiavelli

Niccolò Machiavelli was an Italian Renaissance political philosopher, historian, and writer. He is best known for his book "The Prince" (Il Principe), which is considered one of the most influential works on political theory. Machiavelli's ideas and writings have had a significant impact on political thought and continue to be studied and debated to this day.

"The Prince" is a treatise on political power and leadership. Machiavelli explores the nature of power, the acquisition and maintenance of political control, and the strategies and tactics that leaders should employ to achieve their goals. The book is known for its pragmatic and realistic approach to politics, often advocating for the use of cunning, deception, and even cruelty when necessary to achieve political success.

Machiavelli's ideas in "The Prince" can be summarized as follows:

1. The Ends Justify the Means: Machiavelli argued that the ultimate goal of a ruler should be to maintain power and stability, even if it requires immoral or unethical actions. He believed that leaders should prioritize the well-being and security of the state over personal morality.

2. Political Realism: Machiavelli emphasized the importance of understanding the realities of politics and human nature. He believed that leaders should base their decisions on an accurate assessment of the world as it is, rather than how they wish it to be. Machiavelli rejected idealistic notions of politics and instead focused on practical considerations.

3. Fortune and Virtue: Machiavelli discussed the role of fortune (external circumstances) and virtue (personal qualities) in political success. He argued that while fortune plays a significant role, a leader's virtue, including qualities such as intelligence, strength, and adaptability, is crucial for effective leadership.

4. The Art of War: Machiavelli also wrote extensively on military strategy and the importance of a strong military for maintaining power. He emphasized the need for leaders to be skilled in the art of war and to understand the dynamics of conflict.

Thomas Hobbes

Thomas Hobbes was an English philosopher who lived during the 17th century. He is best known for his book "Leviathan," in which he presents his political philosophy and theories on the social contract. Hobbes' ideas have had a significant influence on political theory and the understanding of human nature.

In "Leviathan," Hobbes explores the nature of society and the role of government. He argues that in a state of nature, without a central authority, life would be "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short." To avoid this, individuals enter into a social contract, surrendering some of their rights and freedoms to a sovereign authority in exchange for protection and security.

Hobbes' ideas in "Leviathan" can be summarized as follows:

1. The State of Nature: Hobbes describes the state of nature as a hypothetical condition in which individuals live without a government or social order. In this state, there is a constant state of war and conflict, as everyone is driven by self-interest and the pursuit of power.

2. The Social Contract: Hobbes argues that individuals voluntarily give up some of their rights and freedoms to a sovereign authority in order to establish a stable and secure society. This social contract creates a government with the power to enforce laws and maintain order.

3. Absolute Sovereignty: Hobbes advocates for a strong and centralized government with absolute power. He believes that only a sovereign authority can effectively maintain order and prevent the chaos of the state of nature.

4. Human Nature: Hobbes has a pessimistic view of human nature, seeing humans as inherently self-interested and driven by a desire for power and self-preservation. He argues that this self-interest is the primary motivation behind human actions.

Both Machiavelli and Hobbes have made significant contributions to political philosophy and their ideas continue to be studied and debated. While Machiavelli focuses on the acquisition and maintenance of political power, Hobbes explores the nature of society and the role of government in maintaining order and security. Their works provide valuable insights into the complexities of politics and human nature.

Please note that the information provided here is based on search results and snippets from various sources. For more in-depth analysis and understanding of the ideas and works of Niccolò Machiavelli and Thomas Hobbes, I recommend referring to their original writings and scholarly interpretations.