Question

Что такое парламенский режим?Когда он зародился и как эволюционировал?

Answer 1

При парламентском режиме глава государства - это по сути дела титулярный церемониальный руководитель страны, который символизирует суверенитет и величие государства. Он занимает первое место в иерархии церемониальных, почетных рангов и выполняет ряд особых задач в области внешней и внутренней политики. Он может носить официальный титул короля или королевы в конституционных монархиях (Швеция, Норвегия, Великобритания, Бельгия, Дания, Голландия, Испания и т.д.) или президента в президентской или парламентской республике (США, Франция, Германия, Италия и т.д.). Ограниченность и слабость реальных прерогатив главы государства при парламентской форме правления проявляется, в частности, в том, что он избирается в большинстве случаев не в ходе всеобщего прямого голосования, а специально уполномоченными органами, например парламентом. 
Центральную роль в государствах с парламентским режимом играет парламент. Он занимает привилегированное положение по отношению к другим органам государственной власти. Прототип парламента как органа сословного представительства возник еще в XIII в. в Англии. Но реальное значение парламент как самостоятельная ветвь - законодательная и представительная - государственной власти приобрел после социально-политических революций XVII-XIX вв. Ныне парламент и парламентаризм стали неотъемлемыми структурными и функциональными элементами политической системы либерально-демократического типа. 
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Answer 2

What is a parliamentary regime?

A parliamentary regime is a form of government where the executive branch is accountable to the legislative branch, known as the parliament. In this system, the parliament holds the ultimate power and authority to make laws, oversee the government's activities, and ensure its accountability. The head of government, usually called the prime minister or chancellor, is typically a member of the parliament and is chosen by the majority party or coalition in the parliament. The head of state, such as a monarch or president, may have a ceremonial role or limited powers in a parliamentary regime.

Origins and Evolution of the Parliamentary Regime

The parliamentary regime has its roots in the development of representative democracy and the separation of powers. Its origins can be traced back to ancient Greece and Rome, where assemblies of citizens played a role in decision-making. However, the modern parliamentary system as we know it today emerged in Europe during the 18th and 19th centuries.

One of the earliest examples of a parliamentary regime is the United Kingdom's system, which evolved over centuries. The Magna Carta in 1215 established the principle of limited government and the rights of the nobility, laying the foundation for parliamentary governance. The English Civil War in the 17th century further shaped the balance of power between the monarch and parliament. The Glorious Revolution of 1688 solidified the supremacy of parliament and led to the establishment of a constitutional monarchy.

The parliamentary regime spread to other countries through colonization, conquest, or political reforms. It became particularly influential during the Enlightenment period, when ideas of individual rights, popular sovereignty, and representative government gained prominence. The French Revolution in 1789 also played a significant role in promoting the parliamentary system as an alternative to absolute monarchy.

Throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, the parliamentary regime continued to evolve and adapt to changing political and social contexts. It underwent various reforms and adjustments to accommodate the expansion of suffrage, the rise of political parties, and the demands for greater representation and accountability. Different countries have developed their own variations of the parliamentary system, incorporating elements of federalism, proportional representation, or other features that suit their specific needs.

Conclusion

In summary, a parliamentary regime is a form of government where the executive branch is accountable to the legislative branch, known as the parliament. It originated in Europe during the 18th and 19th centuries and has since evolved and adapted to different political contexts. The parliamentary regime is characterized by the supremacy of the parliament in making laws and overseeing the government's activities. The head of government is typically a member of the parliament and is chosen by the majority party or coalition. The parliamentary system has played a significant role in the development of representative democracy and the separation of powers.