Question

Обычай — эта самая древняя форма права. Она формировалась на протяжении многих веков, закреплялась государственной силой, которая придавала ей общеобязательный характер. Многие юристы объясняли обычай как неписаный источник права, который формировался только в древности и постепенно стал привычным в поведении людей. Это не совсем так. Современные этнографы, историки доказали, что многие обычаи создаются и в настоящее время, довольно часто применяются в различных правовых ситуациях. Закон не может предусмотреть все нюансы человеческих взаимоотношений, которые выстраиваются в жизни. Практика намного богаче тех юридических правил, которые ее регулируют. Да и нет смысла оформлять в нормативно-правовых актах все подробности поведения людей. Сложившиеся на протяжении длительного периода правила, которые очень успешно применяются субъектами права, способны оказать существенную помощь в регулировании даже самых нестандартных правоотношений. В настоящее время в нашей стране появились различные обычаи, которые позволяют решать множество проблем при выстраивании взаимоотношений между участниками правовых отношений. В некоторых случаях закон просто отсылает к обычаям делового оборота. Деловой оборот в этом смысле рассматривается как сложившаяся система правил при передаче имущества, денег, информации, оказании услуг, принятых в бизнес-сообществе. Примером правового обычая является дипломатический этикет. Встреча высокопоставленных делегаций сопровождается особыми правилами церемониального характера. (По материалам энциклопедии для школьников) По мнению автора, <<нет смысла оформлять нормативных правовых актов все подробности поведения людей>>.Выскажите свое отношение к мнению автора. С опорой на текст и обществоведческие знания Приведите два аргумента (Объяснения) В защиту своей позиции. Составьте план текста.Для этого выделите основные смысловые фрагменты текста и Озаглавьте каждый из них. На основе текста Приведите любые три характеристики обычая как самые древние формы права. Сотрудник крупной фирмы по секрету рассказал своему другу о подготовке руководством фирмы серьёзного контракта. Информация попала в прессу это в определённой мере снизу эффект неожиданности от заключения этого контракта на которой рассчивало руководство в фирмы . Какие нормы нарушил сотрудник? Приведите фрагмент текста, который поможет вам ответить на вопрос. Приведите Три конкретных примера современных правовых обычаев, опираясь на текст и знания курса. Какие причины формирования правовых обычаев указывает автор ?(Приведите на основании текста две причины.)

Answer 1

Не знаю удачный ли пример (из области налогов) : Нигде не написано, что выручка экспедитора определяется, как выручка коммисионера, тем не менее это так, и ВАС признал, что в связи ...(не помню формулировок) и вобщем все правильно, как у коммисионера, а ФНС которая обычаев не знает - дураки.

Answer 2

Introduction

According to the provided text, a custom is described as the oldest form of law, which has been developed over many centuries and enforced by the state. It is often explained as an unwritten source of law that gradually became customary behavior for people. However, modern ethnographers and historians have shown that customs are still being created and frequently applied in various legal situations. The practice of law is much richer than the legal rules that regulate it, and established rules that have been successfully applied over a long period of time can provide substantial assistance in regulating even the most unconventional legal relationships.

Arguments in Support of the Author's Opinion

The author argues that there is no need to include all the details of human behavior in legal acts and that customs play a significant role in regulating legal relationships. Here are two arguments in support of the author's opinion:

1. Flexibility and Adaptability: Laws cannot anticipate every nuance of human interaction that occurs in real life. Customs, on the other hand, have the advantage of being flexible and adaptable to changing circumstances. They can evolve and develop over time to address new situations and provide practical solutions that may not be explicitly covered by legislation. Customs allow for a certain degree of autonomy and self-regulation within a society.

2. Efficiency and Effectiveness: Legal systems are often burdened with lengthy and complex legislation. Including every detail of human behavior in legal acts would make the legal system cumbersome and impractical. Customs, on the other hand, provide a more efficient and effective way of regulating certain aspects of human behavior. They are often well-established and widely accepted within a community, making them easier to understand and apply. By relying on customs, legal systems can streamline their processes and focus on more pressing matters.

Characteristics of Custom as the Oldest Form of Law

Based on the text and general knowledge of the subject, here are three characteristics of custom as one of the oldest forms of law:

1. Ancient Origin: Custom is considered one of the oldest forms of law because it has been developing over many centuries. It has its roots in ancient societies and has evolved alongside human civilization.

2. Unwritten Source: Custom is often referred to as an unwritten source of law. Unlike legislation or written laws, customs are not formally codified or documented. They are passed down through generations and become ingrained in the behavior and practices of a community.

3. Gradual Formation: Customs are not created overnight. They gradually develop and become customary behavior over time. They are shaped by the practices, traditions, and values of a particular society. As people continue to follow certain practices and behaviors, they become established customs that are recognized and respected within the community.

Violation of Norms by an Employee

In the given scenario, the employee violated certain norms by disclosing confidential information about the company's contract preparations to the press. By sharing this information without authorization, the employee breached the duty of confidentiality and loyalty towards the company. This action can be considered a violation of professional ethics and may have legal consequences, such as breach of contract or potential liability for damages.

Examples of Modern Legal Customs

Based on the text and course knowledge, here are three examples of modern legal customs:

1. Business Etiquette: Business customs and etiquette play a significant role in commercial transactions. They include customary practices and rules followed by business communities in various aspects, such as the transfer of property, money, information, and the provision of services. These customs are well-established and widely recognized within the business community, providing a framework for conducting business transactions.

2. Diplomatic Etiquette: Diplomatic customs and protocols govern the behavior and interactions between high-ranking delegations. These customs include specific rules of ceremonial nature that are followed during official meetings and events. They help maintain diplomatic decorum and ensure smooth communication between nations.

3. Social Media Etiquette: With the rise of social media, certain customs and norms have emerged to regulate online behavior. These customs include guidelines for respectful communication, privacy protection, and responsible sharing of information on social media platforms. While not legally binding, these customs influence online interactions and help maintain a positive digital environment.

Reasons for the Formation of Legal Customs

The author suggests that legal customs are formed for several reasons. Based on the text, here are two reasons for the formation of legal customs:

1. Gap-filling: Laws cannot cover every aspect of human behavior and every possible legal situation. Legal customs fill the gaps left by legislation by providing practical solutions and established practices that have proven to be effective in regulating certain types of relationships. Customs develop to address specific needs and challenges that may not be adequately addressed by formal laws.

2. Efficiency and Practicality: Including every detail of human behavior in legal acts would make the legal system overly complex and impractical. Customs, on the other hand, provide a more efficient and practical way of regulating certain aspects of human behavior. They are often well-established and widely accepted within a community, making them easier to understand and apply. Customs allow for a certain degree of self-regulation and autonomy within a society.

Text Outline

The text can be outlined as follows:

1. Introduction 2. Arguments in Support of the Author's Opinion - Flexibility and Adaptability - Efficiency and Effectiveness 3. Characteristics of Custom as the Oldest Form of Law - Ancient Origin - Unwritten Source - Gradual Formation 4. Violation of Norms by an Employee 5. Examples of Modern Legal Customs - Business Etiquette - Diplomatic Etiquette - Social Media Etiquette 6. Reasons for the Formation of Legal Customs - Gap-filling - Efficiency and Practicality

Please note that the provided outline is a suggested structure for organizing the text and may be adjusted as needed.