Question

Как возникали государства в древности?

Answer 1

В древности первобытное общество не имело государственного устройства, но все подчинялись власти старейшин или шаманов. Они принимали решения, они указывали направления, они говорили, что делать. Гораздо позже на определенном этапе исторического развития стали появляться отдельные группы людей, осуществляющих управление обществом.

Answer 2

How did states emerge in ancient times?

The emergence of states in ancient times was a complex process influenced by various factors such as geography, culture, warfare, and social organization. While the specific details varied across different regions and time periods, there are some common patterns and factors that contributed to the formation of states.

Geography: Geography played a significant role in the emergence of states. Access to fertile land, water resources, and natural barriers such as mountains or rivers often shaped the development of early civilizations. For example, the Nile River in ancient Egypt provided fertile soil for agriculture and facilitated trade and communication along its banks.

Cultural Development: The development of complex societies and the emergence of states were often linked to advancements in agriculture, technology, and trade. The ability to produce surplus food through agriculture allowed for the growth of population and specialization of labor, which in turn led to the development of social hierarchies and centralized authority.

Warfare and Conflict: Warfare and conflict played a crucial role in the formation of states. The need for defense against external threats and competition for resources often led to the consolidation of power and the establishment of centralized authority. Military conquests and the subjugation of neighboring communities or tribes were common in ancient times and contributed to the rise of larger political entities.

Social Organization: Social organization and the development of political institutions were essential for the emergence of states. The establishment of laws, governance structures, and systems of taxation helped maintain social order and facilitate economic activities. The presence of a ruling elite or monarch, supported by a bureaucracy, often characterized early states.

Examples of Ancient States: There were numerous ancient states that emerged in different parts of the world. Some notable examples include:

- Ancient Mesopotamia: The city-states of Sumer, such as Ur and Uruk, emerged around 3000 BCE and developed complex political and administrative systems. - Ancient Egypt: The unification of Upper and Lower Egypt around 3100 BCE led to the formation of one of the earliest centralized states in the world. - Ancient China: The Shang Dynasty (1600-1046 BCE) and subsequent dynasties established centralized states with a strong emphasis on bureaucracy and Confucian principles. - Ancient Greece: The city-states of Athens and Sparta, among others, emerged in the 8th century BCE and developed unique political systems, including democracy in Athens. - Ancient Rome: The Roman Republic, founded in 509 BCE, eventually evolved into the Roman Empire, which became one of the most powerful states in the ancient world.

It is important to note that the process of state formation was complex and varied across different regions and time periods. The factors mentioned above are general trends, and there were undoubtedly other factors at play in specific cases.