Question

Люди, имеющие низкий уровень квалификации делают ошибочные выводы и не способны осознавать свои ошибки, но при этом имеют более высокое мнение о собственных способностях, чем людям компетентные и квалифицированные, которые наоборот себя недооценивают. Назовите этот эффект когнитивного искажения.

Answer 1

Эффект Даннинга — Крюгера

Answer 2

The Dunning-Kruger Effect

The cognitive bias you are referring to is known as the Dunning-Kruger effect. The Dunning-Kruger effect is a psychological phenomenon where individuals with low levels of competence or expertise in a particular area tend to overestimate their abilities and have an inflated sense of confidence. At the same time, individuals who are highly competent and knowledgeable in that area tend to underestimate their abilities and have lower levels of confidence.

This effect was first described by psychologists David Dunning and Justin Kruger in 1999. Their research showed that people who lack the skills or knowledge to accurately assess their own performance are often unable to recognize their own incompetence. This lack of self-awareness leads them to overestimate their abilities and believe they are more competent than they actually are.

On the other hand, individuals who are highly competent and knowledgeable in a particular area tend to have a more accurate understanding of their own abilities. They are more likely to recognize the complexity and nuances of the task at hand, leading them to be more cautious and humble in their self-assessment.

The Dunning-Kruger effect has been observed in various domains, including cognitive abilities, logical reasoning, emotional intelligence, and even social skills. It can have significant implications in areas such as education, workplace performance, decision-making, and interpersonal relationships.

Explanation and Examples

The Dunning-Kruger effect can be explained by a combination of factors. One factor is the lack of metacognitive skills, which refers to the ability to reflect on and evaluate one's own thinking and performance. Individuals with low levels of competence often lack the necessary skills to accurately assess their own abilities and performance. As a result, they may overestimate their capabilities and fail to recognize their own limitations.

Another factor is the cognitive bias known as illusory superiority, which is the tendency for individuals to overestimate their own qualities and abilities compared to others. This bias can lead people to believe they are better than they actually are, especially when they lack the knowledge or skills to accurately evaluate their performance.

Here are a few examples to illustrate the Dunning-Kruger effect:

1. A person with minimal knowledge of a particular subject may confidently believe they are an expert in that field, despite having only a superficial understanding of the topic.

2. In a workplace setting, an employee with limited experience may overestimate their abilities and take on tasks beyond their skill level, leading to poor performance or mistakes.

3. In a social context, someone with low emotional intelligence may believe they are highly empathetic and skilled at understanding others' emotions, even though their actions may indicate otherwise.

4. In a study conducted by Dunning and Kruger, participants who performed poorly on a logical reasoning test consistently overestimated their performance and believed they had performed better than they actually did.

Conclusion

The Dunning-Kruger effect is a cognitive bias that leads individuals with low levels of competence to overestimate their abilities and have an inflated sense of confidence. This bias can have significant implications in various areas of life, including education, work, decision-making, and interpersonal relationships. It is important to be aware of this bias and strive for accurate self-assessment and continuous learning and improvement.