Question

В чём выражалась феодальная зависимость крестьян в средневековой европе? Объясните, какие изменения произошли в сельском хозяйстве европейских стран в XI-XIII вв.Как каким последствиям они привели? Помогите пожалуйста!!! Заранее спасибо!!!!

Answer 1

Феодалы это герцоги или графы которые владеют феодом они могли владеть феодом размером с целую деревню и даже больше а крестьяне находились в этом феоде и были зависимы крестьяне могли быть личнозависимыми или землезависимыми

Answer 2

Feudal Dependence of Peasants in Medieval Europe

In medieval Europe, the feudal dependence of peasants was characterized by obligations and ties to the land, the lord, and the manor. Peasants were required to provide various forms of labor, produce, and payments to their lords in exchange for protection and the right to work the land.

The feudal system was based on a hierarchical structure, with the king at the top, followed by the nobles, knights, and then the peasants. Peasants were at the bottom of this social structure and were subject to the authority of their lords.

The key aspects of feudal dependence included feudal dues, labor services, and land tenure. Peasants were obligated to provide a portion of their produce, such as crops or livestock, to their lords. They also had to perform labor services, such as working the lord's fields or maintaining the manor. Additionally, peasants held their land at the will of the lord and were required to pay various fees for the use of the land.

These obligations created a system of dependency where peasants relied on the protection and resources provided by their lords, while the lords exercised control over the peasants' labor and resources.

Changes in Agricultural Practices in European Countryside (11th-13th centuries)

During the 11th to 13th centuries, significant changes occurred in the agricultural practices of European countries. These changes led to transformations in the organization of rural life and had far-reaching consequences for the social and economic structure of medieval Europe.

Technological advancements played a crucial role in these changes. The adoption of the heavy plow, the widespread use of the three-field system, and the introduction of new crops such as beans and peas revolutionized agricultural productivity.

The expansion of arable land also contributed to these changes. As new lands were cleared and brought under cultivation, agricultural output increased, leading to population growth and economic development.

The growth of towns and trade further impacted agricultural practices. The increased demand for agricultural products from urban centers led to specialization in farming and the development of market-oriented agriculture.

Consequences of Agricultural Changes

The agricultural changes in European countryside during the 11th to 13th centuries had several significant consequences:

1. Population Growth: The increased agricultural productivity and expansion of arable land led to a significant increase in population.

2. Rise of Towns and Trade: The growth of towns and trade was fueled by the surplus agricultural production, leading to the development of a market economy and the rise of urban centers.

3. Social and Economic Transformation: The changes in agricultural practices contributed to the transformation of the feudal system. The increased wealth and population led to the rise of a new class of wealthy landowners, while the power of the traditional feudal lords began to decline.

4. Technological and Cultural Exchange: The advancements in agricultural technology and the growth of trade facilitated the exchange of knowledge and culture between different regions, contributing to the overall development of medieval Europe.

Overall, the changes in agricultural practices during the 11th to 13th centuries had a profound impact on the social, economic, and cultural landscape of medieval Europe, laying the groundwork for the transition to the early modern period.