Question

Произхождение жанра симфония

Answer 1

Provenance of the Symphony Genre

The symphony is a genre of classical music that originated in the 18th century. It is a large-scale composition typically written for a full orchestra. The word "symphony" comes from the Greek word "symphonia," which means "agreement of sound." The symphony has its roots in the Baroque concerto grosso and the Italian opera overture.

The symphony genre can be traced back to the following key developments:

1. Baroque Concerto Grosso: The concerto grosso, a popular form of orchestral music in the Baroque period, laid the foundation for the symphony. It featured a small group of soloists (concertino) accompanied by a larger ensemble (ripieno). The interaction between the two groups and the contrast of musical ideas provided inspiration for the symphony.

2. Italian Opera Overture: The Italian opera overture, which served as an introduction to operas, also influenced the development of the symphony. Composers like Alessandro Scarlatti and Antonio Vivaldi composed overtures that showcased contrasting musical themes and forms, similar to what would later be found in symphonies.

3. Mannheim School: The Mannheim School, a group of composers and performers based in Mannheim, Germany, played a significant role in shaping the symphony genre. They developed the Mannheim Rocket, a musical technique that involved a sudden crescendo followed by a rapid scale passage, which added excitement and drama to symphonic compositions.

4. Viennese Classical Style: The Viennese classical style, particularly the works of composers such as Joseph Haydn and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, further refined the symphony genre. Haydn, often referred to as the "Father of the Symphony," composed over 100 symphonies, establishing the symphony as a prominent form of orchestral music.

5. Beethoven's Innovations: Ludwig van Beethoven revolutionized the symphony genre with his nine symphonies. His compositions expanded the traditional symphonic form, introducing longer and more complex structures, innovative use of instruments, and a heightened emotional expression. Beethoven's Ninth Symphony, with its inclusion of a choir in the final movement, broke new ground and influenced future symphonic compositions.

In conclusion, the symphony genre originated from a combination of influences, including the Baroque concerto grosso, Italian opera overtures, the Mannheim School, the Viennese classical style, and Beethoven's innovations. These developments shaped the symphony into the grand orchestral form we know today