Question

Срочно!!!!!!! Достижения и изобретения Католической Западной Европы в средние века. (Италия, Англия, Франция, Германия.) Достижения и изобретения Православной Восточной Европы в средние века. (Византия, Сербия, Болгария, Русь)

Answer 1

Творчество, печатанье книг,продажа, новые оружия,ремесло,анотомическое вскрытие, шахматный матч в слепую,стеклянное зеркало,общественные часы,спиральная пружина.

Answer 2

Achievements and Inventions of Catholic Western Europe in the Middle Ages

Catholic Western Europe in the Middle Ages, including Italy, England, France, and Germany, made significant achievements and inventions. Here are some notable ones:

1. Architecture and Engineering: - Gothic Architecture: The development of Gothic architecture in the 12th century led to the construction of magnificent cathedrals and churches with pointed arches, ribbed vaults, and flying buttresses. - Romanesque Architecture: Prior to Gothic architecture, Romanesque architecture flourished in Western Europe, characterized by thick walls, rounded arches, and barrel vaults. - Watermills: Watermills were widely used for grinding grain, sawing wood, and other industrial purposes, contributing to the growth of medieval economies.

2. Literature and Education: - Chivalric Romance: The genre of chivalric romance, popularized in Western Europe, depicted tales of knights, quests, and courtly love. Famous examples include the Arthurian legends and the stories of King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table. - Universities: The establishment of universities in Western Europe, such as the University of Bologna (Italy) in 1088 and the University of Paris (France) in the 12th century, played a crucial role in the advancement of education and scholarship.

3. Art and Culture: - Illuminated Manuscripts: The production of illuminated manuscripts, which involved the intricate decoration of handwritten texts with illustrations and decorative motifs, reached its peak in Western Europe during the Middle Ages. Examples include the Book of Kells and the Lindisfarne Gospels. - Stained Glass Windows: The development of stained glass techniques allowed for the creation of vibrant and detailed windows in churches and cathedrals, depicting biblical scenes and saints.

4. Science and Technology: - Astrolabe: The astrolabe, a sophisticated instrument used for astronomical measurements and navigation, was introduced to Western Europe from the Islamic world and became widely used in the Middle Ages. - Clocks: Mechanical clocks, driven by weights or springs, were invented in Western Europe during the 14th century, marking a significant advancement in timekeeping.

Achievements and Inventions of Orthodox Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages

Orthodox Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages, including Byzantium, Serbia, Bulgaria, and Kievan Rus', also had notable achievements and inventions. Here are some examples:

1. Byzantine Empire (Byzantium): - Byzantine Architecture: The Byzantine Empire developed a unique architectural style characterized by domes, pendentives, and intricate mosaics. The Hagia Sophia in Constantinople (now Istanbul) is a famous example. - Byzantine Iconography: Byzantine art and religious culture placed great emphasis on iconography, producing iconic religious images and mosaics that played a central role in worship and spirituality.

2. Serbia and Bulgaria: - Cyrillic Alphabet: The Cyrillic alphabet, which is still used today in countries like Russia, Serbia, and Bulgaria, was developed by the brothers Cyril and Methodius in the 9th century. It played a crucial role in the spread of literacy and the preservation of Slavic languages.

3. Kievan Rus': - Eastern Orthodox Christianity: Kievan Rus' adopted Eastern Orthodox Christianity in the 10th century, which became a unifying force for the region and influenced its culture, art, and religious practices. - Wooden Architecture: Kievan Rus' developed a unique style of wooden architecture, characterized by ornate wooden churches and structures, such as the St. Sophia Cathedral in Kiev.

Please note that the information provided above is based on search result snippets and may not be exhaustive.