Question

Почвы и их плодородие

Answer 1

Ответ:

Вот

Объяснение:

Плодородие почвы — способность почвы удовлетворять потребность растений в элементах питания, влаге и воздухе, а также обеспечивать условия для их нормальной жизнедеятельности.

Answer 2

Soil and Soil Fertility

Soil is a complex mixture of minerals, organic matter, water, air, and living organisms. It plays a crucial role in supporting plant growth and providing essential nutrients for plants. The fertility of soil refers to its ability to support plant growth and produce high yields. Several factors contribute to soil fertility, including the composition of the soil, the presence of organic matter, nutrient availability, and soil pH.

Soil Composition: Soil is composed of mineral particles, organic matter, water, and air. The mineral particles are classified into three main types: sand, silt, and clay. The proportions of these particles determine the soil's texture, which affects its ability to retain water and nutrients. Organic matter, such as decomposed plant and animal material, contributes to soil fertility by improving its structure, water-holding capacity, and nutrient availability.

Nutrient Availability: Soil fertility is closely linked to the availability of essential nutrients for plant growth. These nutrients include macronutrients like nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K), as well as micronutrients like iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn). Nutrient availability depends on factors such as soil pH, organic matter content, and the presence of beneficial soil microorganisms.

Soil pH: Soil pH is a measure of its acidity or alkalinity. It affects nutrient availability and the activity of soil microorganisms. Different plants have different pH preferences, and soil pH can be adjusted through the addition of lime to raise pH or sulfur to lower pH.

Organic Matter: Organic matter plays a vital role in soil fertility. It improves soil structure, enhances water-holding capacity, promotes nutrient retention, and provides a food source for beneficial soil microorganisms. Organic matter can be added to the soil through the incorporation of compost, manure, or cover crops.

Soil Microorganisms: Soil is teeming with microorganisms like bacteria, fungi, and protozoa. These microorganisms play essential roles in nutrient cycling, organic matter decomposition, and disease suppression. They can break down organic matter into simpler forms that plants can absorb and use.

Soil Erosion: Soil erosion is a significant threat to soil fertility. It occurs when soil is washed or blown away, often due to improper land management practices like overgrazing, deforestation, or intensive agriculture. Soil erosion can lead to the loss of topsoil, which is rich in organic matter and nutrients, and result in reduced soil fertility.

Soil Management: Proper soil management practices are crucial for maintaining soil fertility. These practices include crop rotation, cover cropping, conservation tillage, and the judicious use of fertilizers and pesticides. Crop rotation helps break pest and disease cycles, while cover cropping adds organic matter to the soil. Conservation tillage minimizes soil disturbance and erosion. The use of fertilizers and pesticides should be based on soil testing to ensure the correct application rates.

In conclusion, soil fertility is influenced by various factors, including soil composition, nutrient availability, soil pH, organic matter content, soil microorganisms, and soil management practices. By understanding and managing these factors, farmers and gardeners can maintain or improve soil fertility, leading to healthy and productive plant growth.