Question

Как менялась литература на рубеже 19-20 веков​

Answer 1

Ответ:

КОНЕЦ 19 ВЕКА – НАЧАЛО 20 ВЕКА

Ру­беж 19 и 20 вв. в рус. ли­те­ра­ту­ре – вре­мя за­ро­ж­де­ния и ста­нов­ле­ния но­вых ху­до­же­ст­вен­ных сис­тем, по­яв­ле­ние ко­то­рых вы­зва­но кар­ди­наль­ны­ми сдви­га­ми в ми­ро­ощу­ще­нии, ра­ди­каль­ным пе­ре­ос­мыс­ле­ни­ем взаи­мо­от­но­ше­ний че­ло­ве­ка и ми­ра. Не­боль­шой по про­тя­жён­но­сти от­ре­зок вре­ме­ни ока­зался на­сы­щен­ным со­бы­тия­ми эпо­хально­го мас­шта­ба (вой­ны, ре­во­лю­ции), что на­ло­жи­ло осо­бую пе­чать на эс­те­тиче­ское соз­на­ние и лит. твор­че­ст­во. Сме­ща­ют­ся ори­ен­ти­ры и цен­но­сти, ка­зав­шие­ся не­зыб­ле­мы­ми: со­ци­аль­но-ис­то­ри­че­ский оп­ти­мизм, ве­ра в ра­цио­наль­ное на­уч­ное зна­ние и, вме­сте с тем, в веч­ные на­ча­ла на­род­ной жиз­ни не­ред­ко под­вер­га­ют­ся те­перь со­мне­нию, ус­ту­пая ме­сто ин­ди­ви­дуа­лиз­му, тя­го­те­нию к ир­ра­цио­наль­но­му, эс­ха­то­ло­ги­че­ским на­строе­ни­ям. На­пря­жён­ный по­иск эс­те­ти­че­ских идеа­лов, со­от­вет­ст­вую­щих но­во­му ми­ро­ощу­ще­нию, при­во­дит к по­яв­ле­нию мно­го­чис­лен­ных ли­те­ра­тур­ных школ, групп и на­прав­ле­ний.

По­ня­тие «Се­реб­ря­ный век», воз­ник­шее в кон. 19 в. при­ме­ни­тель­но к по­этам той по­ры (от Н.А. Не­кра­со­ва до А .А. Фе­та и Я.П. По­лон­ско­го), ста­ло со вре­ме­нем од­ним из тра­ди­ци­он­ных оп­ре­де­ле­ний ли­те­ра­ту­ры кон. 19 – нач. 20 вв. В этом тер­ми­не, при всей его ус­лов­но­сти, яс­но про­чи­ты­ва­ют­ся два осн. зна­че­ния: идея внут­рен­ней це­ло­ст­но­сти, за­вер­шён­но­сти дан­но­го лит. пе­рио­да и ка­че­ст­вен­ная его оцен­ка, мысль о но­вом рас­цве­те русской ли­те­ра­ту­ры в 1890–1910-е гг.

Answer 2

Changes in Literature at the Turn of the 19th and 20th Centuries

At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, literature underwent significant changes, reflecting the social, cultural, and political transformations of the time. These changes were influenced by various literary movements and the emergence of new ideas and perspectives. Here are some key aspects of how literature changed during this period:

1. Realism and Naturalism: Realism and naturalism were dominant literary movements during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Realism aimed to depict life as it is, focusing on ordinary people and their everyday experiences. Naturalism, on the other hand, explored the influence of social and environmental forces on human behavior. Both movements sought to present a more accurate and objective portrayal of reality.

2. Symbolism: Symbolism emerged as a reaction against the realism and naturalism of the time. Symbolist writers sought to convey deeper meanings through the use of symbols and metaphors. They explored themes of spirituality, dreams, and the subconscious, often employing rich and suggestive language.

3. Modernism: Modernism was a literary and artistic movement that emerged in the early 20th century. It rejected traditional forms and conventions, embracing experimentation and innovation. Modernist writers challenged established norms and explored new narrative techniques, fragmented structures, and subjective perspectives. They often delved into themes of alienation, disillusionment, and the fragmented nature of modern life.

4. Stream of Consciousness: Stream of consciousness writing became prominent during this period. It aimed to capture the flow of thoughts and perceptions in a character's mind, often presenting a fragmented and nonlinear narrative. Writers like James Joyce and Virginia Woolf were known for their use of this technique.

5. Social and Political Critique: Literature at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries often reflected the social and political upheavals of the time. Writers addressed issues such as industrialization, urbanization, class struggles, gender roles, and the impact of colonialism. They used literature as a means to critique and challenge societal norms and power structures.

6. Avant-Garde and Experimental Literature: Avant-garde movements, such as Dadaism and Surrealism, emerged during this period. These movements sought to disrupt traditional artistic and literary conventions, often employing unconventional techniques and exploring the irrational and subconscious. They aimed to challenge the boundaries of art and literature.

7. Women's Writing: The turn of the 19th and 20th centuries saw an increased recognition of women writers and their contributions to literature. Female authors like Virginia Woolf, Kate Chopin, and Edith Wharton explored themes of female identity, sexuality, and social constraints. Their works provided a fresh perspective on women's experiences and challenged traditional gender roles.

Overall, the literature of the late 19th and early 20th centuries witnessed a shift towards more experimental and innovative forms of expression. It reflected the changing social, cultural, and political landscape of the time and explored new ways of understanding and representing reality.