Question

СССР в эпоху нэпа: 1920-е годы 1. К НЭПу относится: а) всеобщая трудовая повинность; б) натурализация оплаты труда; в) трудоустройство на добровольных началах; г) запрещение найма рабочей силы. 2. Причиной перехода к НЭПу является: а) стремление к огосударствлению экономики; б) требование крестьян об отмене продразверстки; в) необходимость демобилизации огромной армии; г) все названное выше. 3. 1920-е годы характеризуются: а) превращением государства в орудие партии; б) соединением трех ветвей власти; в) контролем партии над обществом; г) реальными гражданскими свободами населения. ^ 4. Жизнь в эпоху НЭПа не характеризовалась: а) лишением прав дворян, буржуазии, попов; б) применением классового подхода к населению; в) осуждением старого образа жизни; г) политическим равноправием всего населения. ^ 5. В Конституции 1924 г. СССР был провозглашен: а) союзом автономий; б) федерацией республик; в) унитарным государством; г) конфедерацией. 6. Годы НЭПа характеризуются: а) свободными ценами на многие товары; б) продразверсткой; в) карточной системой распределения; г) твердыми ценами. ^ 7. Внутрипартийная дискуссия в 1920-х годах не привела: а) к осуждению оппозиционных центру групп; б) устранению противников Сталина; в) утверждению культа личности Сталина; г) всенародной дискуссии о путях развития. 8. В годы НЭПа: а) проводилась национализация промышленности; б) была запрещена аренда предприятий; в) были запрещены иностранные концессии; г) большинство мелких и средних промышленных предприятий стали частными. ^ 9. Датой образования СССР является: а) 7 ноября 1917 г.; б) 15 октября 1918 г.; в) 30 декабря 1922 г.; г) 12 декабря 1924 г. 10. Под «великим переломом» не понимается: а) форсированное развитие экономики; б) коллективизация сельского хозяйства; в) «ликвидация кулачества как класса»; г) переход к многоукладной экономике. 11. В годы НЭПа начали складываться первые основы командно-административной системы, которая характеризуется: а) ограничением рыночных механизмов; б) невмешательством государства в экономику; в) приоритетным развитием легкой промышленности; г) децентрализацией экономики.

Answer 1

The New Economic Policy (NEP) in the USSR: 1920s

The New Economic Policy (NEP) was a policy implemented in the Soviet Union in the 1920s. It aimed to revive the country's economy after the devastation caused by the Russian Civil War. The NEP introduced several changes to the economic system and had significant implications for the society and politics of the time.

1. Aspects of the NEP: - a) Universal labor duty: The NEP did not include universal labor duty. Instead, it allowed for voluntary labor arrangements . - b) Naturalization of labor payment: The NEP introduced the concept of naturalization of labor payment, which meant that workers could be paid in kind, such as with food or goods, rather than solely in money . - c) Voluntary employment: The NEP allowed for voluntary employment, meaning that workers were not forced into specific jobs and had more freedom to choose their occupation . - d) Prohibition of hiring labor: The NEP did not include a prohibition on hiring labor. In fact, it allowed for the hiring of labor on a voluntary basis .

2. Reasons for the transition to the NEP: - a) Desire for state control of the economy: One of the reasons for the transition to the NEP was the Soviet government's desire to gain more control over the economy . - b) Peasant demands for the abolition of food requisitions: Another reason was the demands from the peasants to end the policy of food requisitions, known as "prodrazverstka" . - c) Necessity for demobilization of the large army: The need to demobilize the large army after the Russian Civil War was also a factor that led to the transition to the NEP . - d) All of the above: All of the mentioned reasons contributed to the transition to the NEP.

3. Characteristics of the 1920s: - a) Transformation of the state into a tool of the party: The 1920s saw the transformation of the state into an instrument of the ruling Communist Party . - b) Consolidation of the three branches of power: The three branches of power, namely the legislative, executive, and judicial branches, were consolidated under the control of the Communist Party . - c) Party control over society: The Communist Party exerted significant control over society during the 1920s . - d) Real civil liberties for the population: The 1920s did not see the realization of real civil liberties for the population.

4. Life during the NEP era: - a) Deprivation of rights for nobility, bourgeoisie, and clergy: The NEP era was characterized by the deprivation of rights for the nobility, bourgeoisie, and clergy . - b) Application of a class-based approach to the population: The NEP era applied a class-based approach to the population, which led to the persecution of certain social groups . - c) Condemnation of the old way of life: The NEP era was marked by the condemnation of the old way of life, including traditional social structures and practices . - d) Political equality for the entire population: The NEP era did not provide political equality for the entire population.

5. Provisions of the 1924 Soviet Constitution: - a) Union of autonomies: The 1924 Soviet Constitution proclaimed the USSR as a union of autonomous republics . - b) Federation of republics: The 1924 Soviet Constitution established the USSR as a federation of republics . - c) Unitary state: The 1924 Soviet Constitution declared the USSR as a unitary state . - d) Confederation: The 1924 Soviet Constitution did not proclaim the USSR as a confederation.

6. Characteristics of the NEP era: - a) Free prices for many goods: The NEP era was characterized by the existence of free prices for many goods . - b) End of food requisitions: The NEP era marked the end of food requisitions . - c) Rationing system: The NEP era introduced a rationing system for the distribution of goods . - d) Fixed prices: The NEP era did not have fixed prices for goods.

7. Intraparty discussions in the 1920s: - a) Condemnation of opposition groups: The intraparty discussions in the 1920s did not lead to the condemnation of opposition groups within the party . - b) Elimination of Stalin's opponents: The intraparty discussions did not result in the elimination of Stalin's opponents . - c) Establishment of the cult of personality around Stalin: The intraparty discussions did not lead to the establishment of the cult of personality around Stalin . - d) Nationwide discussion on development paths: The intraparty discussions in the 1920s did not result in a nationwide discussion on development paths.

8. Developments during the NEP era: - a) Nationalization of industry: The NEP era did not involve the nationalization of industry . - b) Prohibition of leasing enterprises: The NEP era did not include a prohibition on leasing enterprises . - c) Prohibition of foreign concessions: The NEP era did not prohibit foreign concessions . - d) Majority of small and medium-sized industrial enterprises becoming private: The NEP era saw the majority of small and medium-sized industrial enterprises becoming privately owned .

9. Formation of the USSR: - a) November 7, 1917: The formation of the USSR is not associated with November 7, 1917 . - b) October 15, 1918: The formation of the USSR is not associated with October 15, 1918 . - c) December 30, 1922: The formation of the USSR is associated with December 30, 1922 . - d) December 12, 1924: The formation of the USSR is not associated with December 12, 1924 .

10. "Great Break" does not refer to: - a) Forced economic development: The "Great Break" does not refer to forced economic development . - b) Collectivization of agriculture: The "Great Break" does not refer to the collectivization of agriculture . - c) "Liquidation of the kulaks as a class": The "Great Break" does not refer to the "liquidation of the kulaks as a class" . - d) Transition to a mixed economy: The "Great Break" does not refer to the transition to a mixed economy .

11. Foundations of the command-administrative system: - a) Limitation of market mechanisms: The foundations of the command-administrative system included the limitation of market mechanisms . - b) Non-interference of the state in the economy: The foundations of the command-administrative system did not involve non-interference of the state in the economy . - c) Priority development of light industry: The foundations of the command-administrative system did not prioritize the development of light industry . - d) Decentralization of the economy: The foundations of the command-administrative system did not involve the decentralization of the economy .

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