Question

как вы думаете какую роль в дальнейших событиях английской революции будут играть левеллеры?

Answer 1

Антинародная политика пресвитерианского парламента во время гражданской войныПосле победы при Нэзби пресвитериане, составлявшие большинство в парламенте и выражавшие интересы крупной буржуазии и верхушки дворянства, считали революцию законченной. Феодальная монархия, препятствовавшая буржуазному развитию страны, была разбита. Новые господствующие классы не только отстояли свою собственность от притязаний феодальной аристократии, но и получили возможность поживиться за счет собственности короны и феодалов.С 1643 г. парламент проводил политику конфискации владений сторонников короля, так называемых делинквентов (преступников), а затем земель англиканской церкви и самой короны, распродававшихся по дешевой цене. Это обеспечивало дальнейшее перемещение значительной части земельной собственности страны в руки буржуазии и джентри. Вскоре после Нэзби парламент специальным актом (24 февраля 1646 г.) объявил рыцарские держания, т. е. все земли, находившиеся в вассальной зависимости от короны, свободной частной собственностью лендлордов; платежи королю, как феодальному сюзерену этих владений, были отменены, денежные капиталы надежно ограждены от посягательств казны.Земельным собственникам и крупной буржуазии, поддерживавшей Долгий парламент во время гражданской войны, оставалось одно: поскорее договориться с пленным королем, на каких условиях он согласится придать ореол «законности» захваченной ими власти. Не только пресвитериане, но и дворяне-индепенденты к 1647 г. потеряли в значительной степени свой революционный пыл. Индепенденты во главе с Кромвелем также считали революцию по существу законченной и расходились с пресвитерианами лишь по второстепенным вопросам — об объеме и характере уступок, которые предстояло вырвать у короля.

Answer 2

The Role of the Levellers in the English Revolution

The Levellers were a political movement that emerged during the English Revolution in the mid-17th century. They played a significant role in advocating for political and social reforms during this period. The English Revolution, also known as the English Civil War, was a series of armed conflicts and political upheavals between the monarchy and Parliament.

The Levellers' Beliefs and Goals

The Levellers were a radical group that emerged within the Parliamentarian army during the English Revolution. They believed in the principles of political equality, religious freedom, and social justice. The Levellers advocated for the extension of political rights and liberties to all Englishmen, including the right to vote and the right to participate in the political process.

Impact on the English Revolution

The Levellers played a significant role in shaping the political landscape of the English Revolution. They were instrumental in pushing for democratic reforms and challenging the authority of the monarchy. The Levellers' ideas and demands influenced the development of political thought and had a lasting impact on the subsequent events of the revolution.

One of the key contributions of the Levellers was the publication of influential political pamphlets and manifestos. These writings, such as "The Agreement of the People" and "An Agreement of the Free People of England," outlined their vision for a more democratic society. They called for the establishment of a representative government, the protection of individual rights, and the abolition of arbitrary rule.

The Levellers also actively participated in political debates and discussions during the English Revolution. They organized public meetings and debates, where they presented their ideas and engaged with other political factions. Their efforts to promote political reform and challenge the existing power structures contributed to the broader discourse on political rights and liberties.

Interaction with Other Political Factions

During the English Revolution, the Levellers interacted with various political factions and groups. They often found themselves in opposition to more conservative elements within the Parliamentarian camp, such as the Presbyterians and the Grandees. The Levellers' radical demands for political and social reform clashed with the more moderate positions of these factions.

The Levellers also had a complex relationship with Oliver Cromwell, one of the key figures of the English Revolution. While Cromwell initially sympathized with some of the Levellers' ideas, he ultimately suppressed their movement when their demands threatened the stability of the revolutionary government.

Legacy of the Levellers

Although the Levellers did not achieve all of their goals during the English Revolution, their ideas and activism had a lasting impact on British political thought. Their advocacy for political equality, religious freedom, and social justice laid the groundwork for future democratic movements and reforms.

The Levellers' emphasis on individual rights and liberties influenced the development of liberal political philosophy. Their ideas resonated with later movements, such as the Chartists in the 19th century, who campaigned for universal suffrage and other democratic reforms.

In conclusion, the Levellers played a significant role in the English Revolution by advocating for political and social reforms. Their ideas and activism influenced the political landscape of the time and had a lasting impact on British political thought. While they faced opposition from more conservative factions and ultimately did not achieve all of their goals, their legacy continues to inspire democratic movements to this day.