Question

Как изменилось питание европейцев в 16-17 веках?

Answer 1

Различия в питании верхов и низов общества стали заметнее, чем прежде. Бедняки ели хлеб, лепешки, каши, супы, овощи и зелень, но чаще обед состоял из одного – единственного блюда. Мясо употребляли только по праздникам, а вот рыбу – значительно чаще. Пили дешевое вино и пиво. Стол знати и богачей был разнообразнее. Его основу составляло мясо, которое богатые поедали в огромном количестве. Очень ценилась дичь, особенно фазаны, рябчики и даже … соловьи. Овощи считались пищей бедняков и на богатых столах появлялись редко. На парадных трапезах подавали по 10 и более блюд из мяса с различными экзотическими соусами. Пили экзотический напиток, завезенный в Испанию из Америки – шоколад. Пили, конечно же, и вино.

Answer 2

Changes in European Diet in the 16th and 17th Centuries

During the 16th and 17th centuries, the diet of Europeans underwent significant changes. These changes were influenced by various factors, including exploration and colonization, trade routes, and cultural exchanges with other regions of the world. Here are some key aspects of how European diets changed during this period:

1. Introduction of New Foods: - The exploration and colonization of new territories brought a wide range of new foods to Europe. This included crops such as potatoes, tomatoes, corn, and various spices. - The introduction of these new foods had a profound impact on European cuisine, leading to the development of new dishes and flavors.

2. Increased Consumption of Sugar and Spices: - The 16th and 17th centuries saw a significant increase in the consumption of sugar and spices in Europe. - Sugar was imported from colonies in the Americas and became a popular ingredient in desserts and sweetened beverages. - Spices, such as cinnamon, nutmeg, and cloves, were highly valued and used to enhance the flavor of dishes.

3. Influence of Global Trade: - The expansion of global trade routes during this period facilitated the exchange of goods and ingredients between different regions. - European traders brought back exotic ingredients from Asia, Africa, and the Americas, which enriched the European diet. - This exchange of ingredients and culinary traditions led to the fusion of different cooking styles and the creation of new dishes.

4. Changes in Cooking Techniques: - The introduction of new ingredients and spices led to changes in cooking techniques and culinary practices. - New cooking methods, such as frying and baking, became more popular, allowing for the preparation of a wider variety of dishes. - The use of spices and herbs in cooking also became more prevalent, adding depth and complexity to European cuisine.

5. Regional Variations: - It is important to note that the changes in European diets were not uniform across the continent. Different regions adopted new foods and cooking techniques at different rates. - For example, the introduction of potatoes had a significant impact on the diet of Eastern and Northern Europe, where it became a staple food. - In Southern Europe, the influence of Mediterranean cuisine remained strong, with an emphasis on olive oil, vegetables, and seafood.

6. Impact on Social Structure: - The changes in European diets also had social implications. The consumption of certain foods, such as sugar and spices, became a symbol of wealth and status. - The availability of new ingredients and exotic dishes became a way for the upper classes to display their wealth and sophistication.

In conclusion, the diet of Europeans underwent significant changes during the 16th and 17th centuries due to factors such as exploration, trade, and cultural exchanges. The introduction of new foods, increased consumption of sugar and spices, and changes in cooking techniques all contributed to the transformation of European cuisine during this period.