Question

Расскажите о подчинении Римом Италии.Какую политику проводили римляне по отношению к союзникам?

Answer 1

Подозреваю, под союзниками понимаются зависимые от Рима народы и государства, которые римляне называли "союзниками", но которые, фактически, были подданными. 
Условие, которое было обязательным для всех таких союзников, - запрещение вести самостоятельную внешнюю политику. Союзники не могли объявлять и вести войны. В остальном имелись различия. 
Было три категории союзников: муниципии высшего ранга,муниципии низшего ранга и префектуры. Муниципии высшего ранга сохраняли почти все свои права, некоторые из них имели почти такие же права, как римляне. Муниципии низшего ранга в правах были ограничены, большая часть земли уходила под владение Рима. Муниципии,тем не менее, сохраняли собственное самоуправление. Префектуры лишались и самоуправления, управлял ею назначенный из Рима префект. Жители префектуры лишались почти всех своих прав и земли. 
Таким образом, осуществлялся принцип "разделяй и властвуй": более привилегированные союзники стремились сохранить своё положение, а менее привилегированные, в отместку, не поддерживали пребывавших в лучшем положении, если те вдруг по каким-либо причинам выступали против Рима...

Answer 2

Rome's Subjugation of Italy

Rome's subjugation of Italy was a complex process that took place over several centuries. The Romans gradually expanded their control over the Italian peninsula through a combination of military conquest, diplomacy, and the establishment of alliances. The process began in the 4th century BCE and was largely completed by the 2nd century BCE.

Military Conquest and Diplomacy: The Romans employed a combination of military force and diplomacy to bring various Italian cities and tribes under their control. They would often offer favorable terms to those who surrendered peacefully, while using military force against those who resisted. This approach allowed Rome to gradually extend its influence and establish a network of alliances across Italy.

Alliances and Client States: As Rome expanded its control, it established alliances and client states with the conquered territories. These alliances varied in nature, ranging from full Roman citizenship to more limited forms of autonomy. The Romans recognized the importance of maintaining stability and order in their newly acquired territories, and they often allowed local elites to retain their positions of power as long as they remained loyal to Rome.

Roman Citizenship: One of the key ways in which Rome integrated Italy into its empire was through the granting of Roman citizenship. Over time, the Romans extended citizenship rights to various Italian communities, allowing them to participate in Roman political and social life. This policy helped to foster a sense of unity and loyalty among the diverse peoples of Italy.

Romanization: As Rome exerted its influence over Italy, it also sought to Romanize the conquered territories. This process involved the spread of Roman culture, language, and institutions throughout Italy. The Romans built roads, aqueducts, and other infrastructure projects, which not only facilitated trade and communication but also helped to integrate the various regions of Italy into a unified whole.

Roman Policy Towards Allies

The Romans had a complex and evolving policy towards their allies, known as the socii or "sociates." These allies were the various Italian communities that had entered into alliances with Rome. The nature of these alliances varied, with some allies enjoying a greater degree of autonomy and others being more closely integrated into the Roman system.

Rights and Obligations: The Roman policy towards their allies was based on a system of rights and obligations. The allies were expected to provide military support to Rome in times of war and to contribute financially to the Roman state. In return, the allies were granted certain privileges, such as the right to trade with Rome and to participate in Roman political life.

Latin Rights: One important category of allies were those who were granted Latin rights. These allies were given a status known as "Latinus," which allowed them to maintain their own legal and political institutions while also enjoying some of the rights and privileges of Roman citizenship. Latin rights were a stepping stone towards full Roman citizenship and were often granted to communities that had demonstrated loyalty and cooperation with Rome.

Roman Citizenship: Over time, the Romans extended Roman citizenship to many of their Italian allies. This process began in the late 3rd century BCE and continued throughout the Roman Republic and into the Roman Empire. The extension of citizenship rights helped to foster a sense of loyalty and integration among the Italian communities and contributed to the stability of the Roman state.

Integration and Assimilation: As the Roman Empire expanded, the distinction between Roman citizens and allies became less significant. The Romans sought to integrate their allies into the Roman system, both politically and culturally. This process of assimilation involved the spread of Roman language, customs, and institutions throughout Italy. The Romans encouraged their allies to adopt Roman ways of life and to participate in Roman political and social institutions.

In conclusion, Rome's subjugation of Italy involved a combination of military conquest, diplomacy, and the establishment of alliances. The Romans gradually extended their control over the Italian peninsula and integrated the conquered territories into their empire. Roman policy towards their allies was based on a system of rights and obligations, with some allies being granted Latin rights and others eventually receiving full Roman citizenship. The Romans sought to assimilate their allies into the Roman system, both politically and culturally, in order to foster a sense of unity and loyalty within the empire.