Question

Королевский домен Франции и Англии в 11-15 веках

Answer 1

11 век - рост городов и расширение торговли. Развитие сельского хозяйства привело к отделению ремесла от земледелия. Разделение труда между городом и деревней. Города боролись за свою независимость от власти феодалов. Коммуны- города, освободившиеся от власти феодалов. 11 -15 века – бурный рост городов способствовал развитию торговли. Средиземное море- Испания ,Франция, Италия – с Византией и странами Востока. Северное и Балтийское моря- города Северной Германии с Нидерландами, Скандинавией и Русью. Места оживленной торговли в Европе – ежегодные ярмарки. Сильная королевская власть- защита от произвола феодалов, разбоя на дорогах, улучшение положения крестьян, усиление влияния церкви. 12 -14 века – формирование сословно-представительной монархии. Сословия- крестьяне , феодалы , священнослужители, военная знать, чиновники, горожане. Сословия- социальные группы общества. Монархия – единовластие. Сословно-представительная власть: 1137г. – Кастилия (кортесы), 1265г.- Англия (парламент), 1302г.- Франция (Генеральные штаты), Чехия, Польша –сейм.

Answer 2

The Royal Domain of France and England in the 11th-15th Centuries

The royal domains of France and England in the 11th-15th centuries were significant political entities that played a crucial role in shaping the history of both countries. Here is a detailed overview of the royal domains during this period:

France: - In France, the royal domain referred to the lands directly controlled by the French king. It consisted of territories that were under the direct authority of the king and excluded areas governed by vassals or other feudal lords. - The royal domain of France expanded and evolved over time. During the 11th-15th centuries, the Capetian dynasty ruled France, and their domain gradually grew through conquests, marriages, and diplomatic alliances. - The royal domain of France included regions such as the Île-de-France, which served as the heartland of the kingdom, as well as other territories like Normandy, Champagne, Burgundy, and Aquitaine. - The French kings used their royal domain as a power base to consolidate their authority, levy taxes, administer justice, and maintain a standing army. - The royal domain of France reached its peak under King Philip II (1180-1223), who expanded the territory through successful military campaigns and strategic marriages. - The royal domain of France continued to evolve beyond the 15th century, with subsequent kings adding new territories and consolidating their control over the country.

England: - In England, the royal domain referred to the lands directly controlled by the English king. It included territories that were under the direct authority of the king and excluded areas governed by vassals or other feudal lords. - The royal domain of England also expanded and changed over time. During the 11th-15th centuries, the Norman and Plantagenet dynasties ruled England, and their domain grew through conquests, inheritances, and political alliances. - The royal domain of England included regions such as Wessex, Mercia, Northumbria, and East Anglia, as well as territories in Wales and Ireland. - The English kings used their royal domain to assert their authority, collect taxes, administer justice, and maintain a military force. - The royal domain of England reached its peak under King Henry II (1154-1189), who expanded the territory through successful military campaigns and legal reforms. - The royal domain of England continued to evolve beyond the 15th century, with subsequent kings adding new territories and consolidating their control over the country.

Interactions and Conflicts: - The royal domains of France and England often came into contact and conflict with each other during this period. - The Norman Conquest of England in 1066 by William the Conqueror, who was also the Duke of Normandy, brought the two domains under the same ruler. - However, tensions and conflicts between the French and English kings persisted, leading to intermittent wars and territorial disputes. - One of the most significant conflicts between the two domains was the Hundred Years' War (1337-1453), which was a series of wars fought between the French and English kings over control of the French territories. - The Hundred Years' War had a profound impact on both domains and shaped the political, social, and cultural landscapes of France and England.

Conclusion: The royal domains of France and England in the 11th-15th centuries were important political entities that played a crucial role in the history of both countries. The French and English kings used their domains to consolidate their power, administer their territories, and assert their authority. The interactions and conflicts between the two domains, such as the Hundred Years' War, had a significant impact on the history of France and England during this period.