Question

Какие изменения произошли в XVII веке в ремесленном производстве? Каковы были особенности торговли в XVII веке?

Answer 1

Евреи во все времена подвергались гонениями и во всех странах, частично виноваты в этом они сами

Answer 2

Changes in Craft Production in the 17th Century

In the 17th century, there were several significant changes in craft production. These changes were influenced by various factors, including technological advancements, economic developments, and social changes. Here are some key changes that occurred in craft production during the 17th century:

1. Technological Advancements: The 17th century witnessed the emergence of new technologies that revolutionized craft production. One notable advancement was the widespread adoption of water-powered machinery, such as watermills and water-powered looms. These innovations increased the efficiency and productivity of craft production processes.

2. Specialization and Division of Labor: Craft production became more specialized during the 17th century. Artisans began to focus on specific tasks within the production process, leading to the division of labor. This specialization allowed for greater efficiency and higher-quality products.

3. Growth of Urban Centers: The growth of urban centers during the 17th century had a significant impact on craft production. As cities expanded, there was an increased demand for goods, leading to the establishment of specialized workshops and guilds. These urban centers became hubs of craft production, fostering innovation and competition.

4. Expansion of International Trade: The 17th century saw a significant expansion of international trade, which had a profound impact on craft production. The establishment of colonial empires and the development of global trade networks opened up new markets for artisans. This expansion of trade created opportunities for artisans to export their goods and access a wider range of raw materials.

5. Rise of Merchant Capitalism: The rise of merchant capitalism in the 17th century also influenced craft production. Merchants played a crucial role in organizing production, financing ventures, and distributing goods. They provided artisans with capital and resources, enabling them to expand their operations and reach larger markets.

Characteristics of Trade in the 17th Century

The 17th century was a period of significant changes and developments in trade. Here are some key characteristics of trade during this time:

1. Mercantilism: Mercantilism was the dominant economic theory during the 17th century. It emphasized the accumulation of wealth through trade and the establishment of favorable trade balances. Governments implemented policies to promote exports and limit imports, aiming to increase their countries' wealth and power.

2. Colonial Trade: The 17th century witnessed the establishment of numerous colonial empires, which played a crucial role in trade. European powers, such as Spain, Portugal, England, and the Netherlands, established colonies in various parts of the world to exploit resources and establish trade networks. These colonies served as sources of raw materials and markets for finished goods.

3. Global Trade Networks: The 17th century saw the development of extensive global trade networks. European powers established maritime trade routes connecting Europe, Africa, Asia, and the Americas. These trade networks facilitated the exchange of goods, ideas, and cultures on a global scale.

4. Commodity Trade: Trade in the 17th century was largely focused on commodities. Raw materials, such as spices, precious metals, and textiles, were highly sought after. European merchants traded these commodities with other regions, often exchanging them for finished goods.

5. Role of Trading Companies: Trading companies played a significant role in 17th-century trade. Companies like the Dutch East India Company and the British East India Company were granted monopolies by their respective governments to trade with specific regions. These companies had significant economic and political influence and played a crucial role in expanding trade.

6. Emergence of Stock Exchanges: The 17th century also witnessed the emergence of stock exchanges, such as the Amsterdam Stock Exchange. These exchanges provided a platform for investors to buy and sell shares in trading companies, facilitating the growth of international trade and investment.

In conclusion, the 17th century brought about significant changes in craft production, including technological advancements, specialization, and the growth of urban centers. Trade during this time was characterized by mercantilism, colonial trade, global trade networks, and the emergence of trading companies. These developments laid the foundation for the expansion of trade and the growth of capitalism in subsequent centuries.