Question

Какого было положение рабочих в Англии 18 веке? кратко​

Answer 1

Не лучшим было положение рабочих, которые брали работу на дом. Чтобы свести концы с концами, рабочий трудился день и ночь, заставляя работать всю свою семью. Если рабочий пользовался станком или инструментом хозяина, то хозяин делал вычеты из заработной платы за пользование станком.

Однако эксплуатация рабочего в тот период была облечена в специфическую форму, затемнявшую подлинное положение рабочего и его отношения с хозяином. Работа на дому, в своем собственном жилище, создавала иллюзию некоей самостоятельности. Вчерашний крестьянин — рабочий централизованной мануфактуры еще не расстался с мечтой вернуться на землю. Разорившийся ремесленник мечтал «выбиться в люди» и завести собственное «дело». Разнообразные группы трудящихся в этот мануфактурный период капитализма еще не осознали своего классового положения в обществе. Только капиталистическая фабрика, только концентрированный в гигантском масштабе труд рабочих, их полная зависимость от машины, наконец, их повседневная коллективная борьба могли выработать классовое самосознание, создать из разнообразных групп угнетенного и трудящегося люда сплоченный, сознающий свое положение в обществе класс промышленного пролетариата.

Answer 2

The Condition of Workers in 18th Century England

In the 18th century, the condition of workers in England was characterized by various challenges and hardships. Here are some key points about the situation of workers during this time:

1. Industrial Revolution and Factory System: The 18th century marked the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in England, which brought significant changes to the economy and the lives of workers. The introduction of new machinery and the establishment of factories led to the concentration of workers in urban areas and the rise of the factory system.

2. Low Wages and Long Hours: Workers in the 18th century often faced low wages and long working hours. Many workers, including men, women, and children, were employed in factories, mines, and other industries, and they worked for extended periods under harsh conditions.

3. Poor Working Conditions: The working conditions in factories and mines were often dangerous and unsanitary. Workers faced hazards such as machinery accidents, exposure to harmful substances, and inadequate ventilation. The lack of safety regulations and protective measures contributed to frequent injuries and health issues among workers.

4. Child Labor: Child labor was prevalent during this period, with many children being employed in factories and mines. These children often worked long hours, performing physically demanding tasks. The exploitation of child labor was a significant concern and became a subject of social and political reform movements in the following centuries.

5. Lack of Workers' Rights and Protection: Workers in the 18th century had limited rights and protections. There were no labor unions or collective bargaining agreements to advocate for their interests. The legal framework surrounding workers' rights was underdeveloped, and workers had little recourse against unfair treatment or exploitation.

6. Social and Economic Inequality: The 18th century witnessed significant social and economic inequality. The majority of workers belonged to the lower classes and faced poverty and limited opportunities for social mobility. The wealth and power were concentrated in the hands of the aristocracy and the emerging industrial bourgeoisie.

7. Emergence of Labor Movements: Despite the challenging conditions, the 18th century also saw the emergence of early labor movements and social reform movements. These movements aimed to address the grievances of workers and advocate for better working conditions, fair wages, and workers' rights. However, significant improvements in workers' conditions would come later in the 19th and 20th centuries.

It is important to note that the condition of workers in 18th century England varied depending on the industry, region, and specific circumstances. The points mentioned above provide a general overview of the situation during this time.

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