Question

Какие изменения произошли в жизни крестьян и когда?​

Answer 1

Города менялись потому, что были вынуждены приспосабливаться к росту своего населения, они во многих отношениях просто не могли жить по-другому. В то время, как численность жителей каждой отдельной деревни оставалось прежней. Кроме того, богатые люди жили в основном в городах, а именно им были больше всего доступны технические новинки. Тем не менее, и в деревнях появились новшества:

-печи с дымоходами окончательно вытеснили печи курные;

-для освещения стали применять свечи и керосиновые лампы, зажигали их всё чаще спичками;

-керамика в основном вытеснила деревянную посуду;

-у зажиточных крестьян на столах появились чай с сахаром, больше мясных блюд;

-у зажиточных крестьян появились книги и даже часы;

-получила распространение гармоньь;

-стали распространяться портовые галоши;

-в деревне стали появляться фабричные ткани, в зажиточных семьях - даже шёлковые женские платья

Answer 2

Changes in the Lives of Peasants

The lives of peasants have undergone significant changes throughout history. Here are some notable changes that occurred at different times:

1. Late 19th to early 20th century: During this period, peasants in many countries experienced various changes in their lives. In Russia, for example, the emancipation of serfs in 1861 brought significant changes to the lives of peasants. They were granted personal freedom and given the opportunity to own land. However, the land distribution was often unequal, and many peasants remained impoverished.

2. 1917 Russian Revolution: The Russian Revolution of 1917 had a profound impact on the lives of peasants in Russia. The Bolsheviks, led by Vladimir Lenin, seized power and implemented land reforms that aimed to redistribute land to the peasants. This led to the collectivization of agriculture, where peasants were organized into collective farms. The collectivization process was met with resistance and resulted in significant social and economic changes for the peasants.

3. 1944-1995: During this period, various changes occurred in the lives of peasants in different countries. For example, in China, the Communist Party implemented land reforms and collectivization programs in the 1950s, which significantly transformed the lives of peasants. These reforms aimed to redistribute land and resources, promote agricultural modernization, and improve the living conditions of peasants.

4. Post-World War II: After World War II, agricultural practices and technologies underwent significant changes, affecting the lives of peasants worldwide. Mechanization, the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, and the introduction of new crop varieties revolutionized agriculture. These changes increased productivity but also led to the displacement of many small-scale farmers and the concentration of land ownership in the hands of larger agricultural enterprises.

5. Contemporary Times: In recent years, globalization, urbanization, and the expansion of industrial agriculture have continued to impact the lives of peasants. Small-scale farmers face challenges such as land grabbing, market competition, and the loss of traditional farming practices. However, there are also movements advocating for the rights of peasants and promoting sustainable agriculture practices.

It is important to note that the changes in the lives of peasants vary across different regions and countries, and the specific details of these changes can be complex and multifaceted.