Question

Какими методами боролись с кризисами правящие круги индустриальных держав в конце XIX - начале XX в.? Почему отношения между ними быстро ухудшались?

Answer 1

К началу ХХ века важнейшей характеристикой мирового развития стало не только увеличение числа индустриальных стран,но и разделение их на 2-е группы.
1.Страны первого эшелона индустриального развития: для этой группы стран,к которым относились-Великобритания,Франция,США,а так же некоторые государства европы,было характерно постепенное овладение индустриальным типом производства.Зрелость товарно-денежных отношений,большой внутренний рынок,его готовность к поглощению большой промышленной продукции-все это относилось к 1-ой группе.
2.Страны 2-го эшелона:Германия,Россия и Италия.В них государство было главным инструментом осуществления форм индустриальной державы.
самая главная причина ухудшения отношений-это то,что большинство стран,использовало ускоренную модернизацию.В то же время ускоренное развитие стран 2-го эшелона индустриализации было источником обострения многих противоречий как на международной арене,так и внутри государств.

Answer 2

Methods Used by Ruling Circles in Industrialized Nations to Address Crises in the Late 19th to Early 20th Century

During the late 19th to early 20th century, ruling circles in industrialized nations employed various methods to address crises. These methods can be categorized into economic, political, and diplomatic strategies. It is important to note that the following information is based on search result snippets.

1. Economic Strategies: - Protectionism: Many industrialized nations implemented protectionist policies to shield their domestic industries from foreign competition. This involved imposing tariffs, quotas, and other trade barriers to protect domestic industries and stimulate economic growth. - Industrialization: Governments encouraged industrialization to boost their economies. They invested in infrastructure, promoted technological advancements, and provided financial support to industries. - Social Welfare: Some ruling circles introduced social welfare programs to address the social and economic hardships faced by the working class. These programs included labor laws, minimum wage regulations, and the establishment of social security systems.

2. Political Strategies: - Colonial Expansion: Industrialized nations sought to expand their colonial empires to secure resources, markets, and strategic advantages. This expansion allowed them to gain control over territories rich in natural resources and establish trade networks. - Nationalism: Ruling circles often used nationalism as a tool to unite their populations and divert attention from internal issues. Nationalistic propaganda and patriotic rhetoric were employed to foster a sense of unity and loyalty among citizens. - Repression: In some cases, ruling circles resorted to repressive measures to maintain control and suppress dissent. This included the use of police forces, surveillance, and censorship to quell opposition and maintain social order.

3. Diplomatic Strategies: - Alliances: Ruling circles formed alliances with other nations to strengthen their geopolitical positions and deter potential adversaries. These alliances were aimed at maintaining a balance of power and protecting mutual interests. - Diplomatic Negotiations: Diplomatic negotiations were used to resolve conflicts and prevent escalation into full-scale wars. Diplomats engaged in negotiations to address territorial disputes, trade issues, and other conflicts of interest. - Arms Race: The arms race was a significant feature of the period, with ruling circles investing heavily in military capabilities to deter potential aggressors and maintain their geopolitical influence.

Deterioration of Relations between Ruling Circles

Despite the efforts made to address crises, relations between ruling circles in industrialized nations often deteriorated rapidly. Several factors contributed to this deterioration, including:

1. Competition for Resources and Markets: Industrialized nations competed for access to resources and markets, leading to conflicts of interest and tensions. This competition often resulted in economic rivalries and trade disputes.

2. Nationalistic Rivalries: Nationalism, while used as a unifying tool, also fueled rivalries between nations. The pursuit of national interests and the desire for dominance often clashed, leading to strained relations.

3. Colonial Expansion: The scramble for colonies and territories created competition and conflicts between industrialized nations. The desire to secure resources and establish spheres of influence often led to territorial disputes and power struggles.

4. Arms Race: The arms race, fueled by the desire for military superiority, heightened tensions between nations. The buildup of military capabilities and the fear of aggression increased the likelihood of conflicts.

5. Ideological Differences: Differences in political ideologies, such as liberalism, socialism, and imperialism, created ideological divisions among ruling circles. These differences often led to ideological clashes and strained relations.

In summary, ruling circles in industrialized nations employed various methods, including economic, political, and diplomatic strategies, to address crises during the late 19th to early 20th century. However, competition for resources, nationalistic rivalries, colonial expansion, the arms race, and ideological differences contributed to the rapid deterioration of relations between these ruling circles.