Question

Какую роль в промышленной революции в Японии сыграло государство? Очень срочно надо!

Answer 1

Основной чертой промышленной революции являлась индустриализация — переход от преимущественно аграрной экономики к промышленному производству, в результате которого происходит трансформация аграрного общества в индустриальное. Промышленный переворот происходил в разных странах не одновременно, но в целом можно считать, что период, когда происходили эти изменения, начинался от второй половины XVIII века и продолжался в течение XIX века. Характерной чертой промышленной революции является стремительный рост производительных сил на базе крупной машинной индустрии и утверждение капитализма в качестве господствующей мировой системы хозяйства.

Промышленная революция связана не просто с началом массового применения машин, но и с изменением всей структуры общества. Она сопровождалась резким повышением производительности труда, быстрой урбанизацией, началом быстрого экономического роста (до этого экономический рост, как правило, был заметен лишь в масштабах столетий) и увеличением жизненного уровня населения.

Промышленная революция в Европе и США позволила на протяжении жизни всего лишь 3—5 поколений перейти от аграрного общества (где большинство населения вело натуральное хозяйство) к индустриальному.

Answer 2

The Role of the State in the Industrial Revolution in Japan

The state played a significant role in the industrial revolution in Japan. Through various policies and initiatives, the Japanese government actively promoted industrialization and modernization during the Meiji period (1868-1912). Here are some key ways in which the state influenced and supported Japan's industrial revolution:

1. Government-led Industrialization Policies: The Japanese government implemented a series of policies to promote industrialization. These policies included the establishment of government-sponsored industries, the development of infrastructure such as railways and telegraph lines, and the introduction of modern technologies and techniques from the West.

2. Investment in Education and Human Capital: The state recognized the importance of education and invested heavily in building a modern education system. This focus on education helped develop a skilled workforce that was essential for industrialization. The government also sent students and scholars abroad to learn about Western science, technology, and industry, and encouraged them to bring back their knowledge to Japan.

3. Protectionist Measures: To support domestic industries, the Japanese government implemented protectionist measures such as tariffs and import restrictions. These measures aimed to shield domestic industries from foreign competition and promote the growth of domestic manufacturing.

4. Infrastructure Development: The state played a crucial role in developing infrastructure necessary for industrialization. This included the construction of railways, ports, and telegraph lines, which facilitated the movement of goods, raw materials, and information across the country.

5. Financial Support: The government provided financial support to industries through subsidies, loans, and grants. This support helped companies invest in new technologies, expand production, and overcome financial challenges.

6. Industrial Policy Coordination: The Japanese government actively coordinated industrial policies to ensure a coherent and integrated approach to industrial development. This coordination involved collaboration between the government, industry associations, and private companies to identify strategic industries and prioritize their development.

7. Role in Infrastructure Industries: The state played a direct role in the development of infrastructure industries such as mining, shipbuilding, and heavy machinery manufacturing. Government-owned enterprises were established in these sectors to provide essential infrastructure and support industrial growth.

It is important to note that while the state played a significant role in promoting industrialization in Japan, other factors such as the entrepreneurial spirit of Japanese business leaders, the availability of natural resources, and the social and cultural context also contributed to the success of the industrial revolution in the country.

I hope this provides you with a detailed overview of the role of the state in the industrial revolution in Japan. If you have any further questions, feel free to ask!