Question

Какие изменения произошли среди стран-лидеров западного мира после первой мировой войны по сравнению с началом 20 века? чем они были вызваны?

Answer 1

Произошел передел сфер влияния. Германия была обложена контрибуцией для стран победительниц. Потеряла Эльзас и Лотарингию, значимые для промышленности территории в пользу Франции. Танзании и Юго-Западной Африки, Ирака и Палестины, части Того и Камеруна-в пользу Англии. Бурунди, Руанды и Уганды-Бельгия. 
В результате войны прекратили своё существование четыре империи: Российская, Австро-Венгерская, Германская и Османская. Основана Австрийская республика. Германская империя де-факто стала республикой. 
Провозглашена независимость Белорусской народной республики, Украинской народной республики, Венгрии, Данцига, Латвии, Литвы, Польши, Чехословакии, Эстонии, Финляндии.

Answer 2

Changes Among Western World Leaders After World War I

After World War I, several changes occurred among the leaders of the Western world compared to the beginning of the 20th century. These changes were primarily driven by the consequences of the war and the shifting geopolitical landscape.

1. Transition from Monarchies to Republics: One significant change was the transition from monarchies to republics in several countries. The war led to the collapse of several European empires, such as the German, Austro-Hungarian, Russian, and Ottoman empires. As a result, new republics emerged, including the Weimar Republic in Germany and the Republic of Turkey.

2. Rise of New Political Ideologies: The aftermath of World War I also saw the rise of new political ideologies, such as communism, fascism, and socialism. These ideologies gained popularity in various countries and influenced the political landscape. For example, the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia led to the establishment of the Soviet Union, the world's first communist state.

3. Changes in Leadership: The war also brought about changes in leadership within Western countries. Some leaders who were prominent at the beginning of the 20th century were replaced or faced significant challenges during or after the war. For instance, Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany abdicated the throne in 1918, and Germany transitioned to a democratic government under the Weimar Republic In the United Kingdom, David Lloyd George replaced H.H. Asquith as Prime Minister during the war and played a crucial role in the post-war negotiations.

4. Impact of the Treaty of Versailles: The Treaty of Versailles, which was signed in 1919 to formally end World War I, had a profound impact on the Western world. The treaty imposed significant territorial, military, and economic restrictions on Germany, leading to resentment and economic hardships. These conditions contributed to the rise of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party in Germany, ultimately leading to World War II.

5. Economic Changes: The global economic landscape also underwent significant changes after World War I. The war had a devastating impact on economies, leading to a worldwide economic depression in the 1920s. This economic downturn affected Western countries and influenced their political and social dynamics.

In summary, the changes among Western world leaders after World War I were driven by the transition from monarchies to republics, the rise of new political ideologies, changes in leadership, the impact of the Treaty of Versailles, and the economic consequences of the war