Question

К причинам Смуты не относится: a)разорение крестьянских хозяйств в годы опричнины b)разруха, вызванная Ливонской войной c)падение авторитета власти d)появление Лжедмитрия I

Answer 1

Появление Лжедмитрия I 

Answer 2

Causes of the Time of Troubles (Смута)

The Time of Troubles, also known as the Smuta, was a period of political and social instability in Russia that lasted from 1598 to 1613. It was characterized by a series of crises, including the death of Tsar Fyodor I, the subsequent power struggles, foreign invasions, and the emergence of multiple pretenders to the throne.

The question states that the following factors are not considered causes of the Time of Troubles:

a) The devastation of peasant households during the oprichnina - The oprichnina was a period of intense political repression and economic disruption initiated by Tsar Ivan the Terrible in the 1560s. While the oprichnina did cause significant suffering and displacement among the peasantry, it is not directly considered a cause of the Time of Troubles.

b) The devastation caused by the Livonian War - The Livonian War (1558-1583) was a conflict between Russia, Sweden, Poland-Lithuania, and the Livonian Confederation. The war did result in significant economic and social disruption in Russia, but it occurred prior to the Time of Troubles and is not considered a direct cause of it.

c) The decline in the authority of the government - The decline in the authority of the government was a consequence of the Time of Troubles rather than a cause. The power struggles and instability during this period led to a weakening of central authority and a loss of confidence in the ruling elite.

d) The emergence of False Dmitry I - The appearance of False Dmitry I, a pretender who claimed to be the son of Ivan the Terrible, was a significant event during the Time of Troubles. However, it is considered a consequence of the underlying instability and power struggles rather than a cause in itself.

In summary, while the factors mentioned in the question did contribute to the overall context and conditions during the Time of Troubles, they are not considered direct causes of this period of Russian history.

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