Question

Инженерное дело на Руси отставало от Западной Европы из-за:

Answer 1

1) Наличия только церковного образования; 

2) Необеспеченности природными ресурсами; 

3) Обширных пространств; 

4) Ввиду низкого уровня профессиональной подготовки инженеров

Answer 2

Engineering in Russia lagged behind Western Europe due to several factors:

1. Lack of Industrialization: Russia's industrialization process started later compared to Western Europe. The Industrial Revolution, which began in the late 18th century in Europe, led to significant advancements in engineering and technology. However, Russia's industrialization efforts were delayed, and it took longer for the country to catch up with the technological advancements of the time.

2. Limited Access to Western Knowledge: Russia's geographical and political isolation from Western Europe hindered the transfer of knowledge and technological advancements. The country had limited access to scientific literature, engineering practices, and educational institutions that were prevalent in Western Europe. This lack of exposure to Western knowledge and expertise contributed to the lag in engineering development in Russia.

3. Economic Factors: Economic conditions played a significant role in the development of engineering in Russia. The country faced economic challenges, including a lack of capital investment, limited infrastructure, and a predominantly agrarian economy. These factors affected the availability of resources and funding for engineering projects, slowing down progress in the field.

4. Educational System: The educational system in Russia also played a role in the lag of engineering development. Until the 19th century, higher education in Russia was primarily focused on classical subjects, such as literature and philosophy, rather than technical and scientific disciplines. The establishment of technical universities and engineering schools came later, limiting the availability of qualified engineers and scientists in the country.

5. Political Factors: Political instability and frequent changes in leadership in Russia also impacted the development of engineering. Wars, revolutions, and political upheavals diverted resources and attention away from technological advancements. Additionally, government policies and priorities may not have prioritized engineering and technological development during certain periods.

It is important to note that these factors are not exhaustive, and there may be other contributing factors to the lag in engineering development in Russia. However, the factors mentioned above provide a general understanding of why engineering in Russia fell behind Western Europe during certain periods in history.