Question

Условия Берлинского конгресса

Answer 1

Берлинский конгресс должен быть пересмотреть условия Сан-Стефанского договора, который был заключен в рамках русско-турецкой войны 1877-1878 годов. 

Участвовали: Российская империя, Германская империя, Великобритания, Третья французская республика, Османская империя, Австро-Венгрия, Королевско Италия. 

Итак, теперь условия были следующими:

- Болгария делилась на три части: вассальное княжество от Дуная до Балкан; Восточная Румелия и Филиппопол; земли до Адриатики и Эгейского моря возвращались Турции.

- Болгария со столицей Софией стала автономным княжеством. Турецкие войска не имели право находится там.

- Турция при помощи регулярной армии охраняла границы Восточной Румелии.

- Крит, турецкая Армения, Албания и Фракия оставались за Турцией. Но Турция должна была провести реформу по уравниванию мусульман и христиан.

- Черногория, Сербия и Румынское княжество стали независимыми.

- Босния отошла Черногории, а не Болгарии и Черногория не могла иметь флот.

- Австро-Венгрия могла оккупировать Боснию и Герцеговину.

- по Дунаю от Черного моря до Железных ворот было свободное судоходство

- Россия отказывалась от Баязета и Алашкертской долины

-  Россия приобрела лишь Ардаган, Карс и Батуми (должна была ввести режим порто-франко) и Южная Бессарабия

Answer 2

Conditions of the Berlin Congress

The Berlin Congress was a diplomatic conference held in Berlin from June 13 to July 13, 1878. It was convened by the major European powers to address the aftermath of the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878 and to redraw the political map of the Balkans. Here are the conditions of the Berlin Congress:

1. Treaty of San Stefano: The Treaty of San Stefano, signed on March 3, 1878, between Russia and the Ottoman Empire, had imposed harsh terms on the Ottoman Empire and granted significant territorial gains to Russia and the newly liberated Balkan states. However, this treaty was seen as a threat to the balance of power in Europe, particularly by Britain and Austria-Hungary.

2. Revision of the Treaty: The primary objective of the Berlin Congress was to revise the Treaty of San Stefano and ensure a more balanced settlement. The European powers sought to limit Russian influence in the region and prevent the creation of a large, powerful Bulgaria.

3. Participation: The Congress was attended by representatives of the major European powers, including Germany, Austria-Hungary, Russia, Britain, France, Italy, and the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman Empire, although not a major power, was also present as it was directly involved in the conflict.

4. Decisions and Agreements: The Congress resulted in several important decisions and agreements:

- Bulgaria: The Congress divided Bulgaria into two parts, creating an autonomous principality of Bulgaria and a smaller autonomous province called Eastern Rumelia, both under Ottoman suzerainty. The Congress also recognized the independence of Romania, Serbia, and Montenegro. - Cyprus: The Congress agreed to the British occupation and administration of Cyprus, which was previously part of the Ottoman Empire. - Bosnia and Herzegovina: The Congress assigned the administration of Bosnia and Herzegovina to Austria-Hungary, although it remained formally under Ottoman sovereignty. - Eastern Rumelia: The Congress established a temporary international administration in Eastern Rumelia until it was fully integrated into Bulgaria in 1885. - Other territories: The Congress addressed the status of other territories in the region, including Greece, Macedonia, and the Sanjak of Novi Pazar, through various agreements and arrangements.

5. Impact: The Berlin Congress had a significant impact on the political and territorial developments in the Balkans. It helped maintain the balance of power in Europe and prevented a major war between the European powers. However, it also left unresolved issues and tensions in the region, which eventually led to further conflicts in the early 20th century.

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