Question

Политический строй в России 18-19 века

Answer 1

Абсолютная монархия. во главе государства стоял император, наделенный абсолютной властью.

Answer 2

Political Structure in Russia in the 18th and 19th Centuries

The political structure in Russia during the 18th and 19th centuries underwent significant changes. Here is a detailed overview:

1. Absolute Monarchy: During the 18th and early 19th centuries, Russia was ruled by an absolute monarchy. The Russian tsar, also known as the emperor, held supreme power and authority. The tsar had complete control over the government, the military, and the economy. The monarch's power was often justified by the concept of divine right, which claimed that the tsar's authority was granted by God.

2. Autocracy and Centralization: Under the absolute monarchy, Russia was characterized by autocracy and centralization. The tsar had the final say in all matters of governance and decision-making. The centralization of power allowed the tsar to exercise control over the vast territories of the Russian Empire.

3. Serfdom: One of the defining features of the political structure in Russia during this period was the institution of serfdom. Serfs were peasants who were bound to the land and were considered the property of the landowners, who were typically nobles. Serfs had limited rights and were obligated to provide labor and pay taxes to their landlords. The system of serfdom was deeply entrenched in Russian society and played a significant role in shaping the political and social structure of the country.

4. Bureaucracy: To administer the vast Russian Empire, a complex bureaucracy was established. The bureaucracy consisted of government officials who were responsible for implementing policies, collecting taxes, and maintaining law and order. The bureaucracy played a crucial role in the functioning of the state and was instrumental in carrying out the tsar's directives.

5. Decentralization and Local Governance: Despite the centralized political structure, there was also a degree of decentralization in Russia. Local governance was carried out through the system of provincial and district administrations. These local authorities were responsible for managing local affairs, collecting taxes, and maintaining order. However, their powers were ultimately subordinate to the central government.

6. Reforms and Modernization: During the 19th century, Russia underwent a series of reforms aimed at modernizing the country and catching up with the industrialized nations of Western Europe. These reforms included the abolition of serfdom in 1861, the establishment of local self-government institutions, the expansion of education, and the modernization of the military and infrastructure.

7. Transition to Constitutional Monarchy: Toward the end of the 19th century, there were growing calls for political reforms and the establishment of a constitutional monarchy in Russia. These demands were fueled by social and economic changes, as well as the influence of liberal and revolutionary ideas. However, the transition to a constitutional monarchy did not occur until the early 20th century, with the establishment of the Russian Provisional Government in 1917 following the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II.

In conclusion, the political structure in Russia during the 18th and 19th centuries was characterized by absolute monarchy, autocracy, centralization, serfdom, a complex bureaucracy, and a degree of decentralization. The period also witnessed significant reforms and modernization efforts, paving the way for the eventual transition to a constitutional monarchy in the early 20th century.