Question

Чем отличяется египетский храм от месопотамского зиккурата

Answer 1

Общего у них - форма, квадат в плане, и постепенное уменьшение, ориентация по сторонам света тоже едина, как и функциональное назначение - поклонение божествам. 
однако здесь уже есть серьезные различия, поскольку считается, что пирамиды, были гробницами, а зрамовые комплексы располагались вне тела пирамиды, зиккураты же были Шумерскими храмами, которые строилиськак символ Мировой Горы - места обитания божества. Это космическая ось, связующая вертикаль между небом и землей, землей и подземным миром. Зиккурат строился семиэтажным, что символизировало семь небес или планов существования (есть у нас в россии свой зиккурат - гробница, куда люди на поклонение ходят, на красной площади стоит) 
В отличие от пирамиды, зиккурат представлял собой постепенно сужающуюся кверху "пирамидку" квадратных параллелепипедов. Старейшим зиккуратам более 3000 лет, хотя большая их часть строилась в первом тысячелетии до Нашей эры. 
зиккурат имел 3-7 ярусов (пирамида до 42) и стоился как правило из кирпича-сырца (Пирамида из каменных блоков)

Answer 2

Differences between Egyptian Temples and Mesopotamian Ziggurats

Egyptian temples and Mesopotamian ziggurats were both religious structures in ancient civilizations, but they had some key differences. Here are some of the main differences between Egyptian temples and Mesopotamian ziggurats:

1. Purpose and Function: - Egyptian Temples: Egyptian temples were primarily dedicated to the worship of specific gods or goddesses. They were considered the dwelling places of the deities and were used for rituals, offerings, and ceremonies. The temples were also important centers for the administration of the state and the economy. - Mesopotamian Ziggurats: Ziggurats were stepped pyramids that served as religious complexes in Mesopotamia. They were believed to be the earthly homes of the gods and were used for worship, sacrifices, and other religious activities. Ziggurats were also seen as symbols of the city-state's connection to the divine and were often located in the center of the city.

2. Architectural Style: - Egyptian Temples: Egyptian temples were characterized by their grandeur and symmetry. They were built using stone and featured massive columns, pylons (monumental gateways), hypostyle halls (large halls with rows of columns), and courtyards. The temples were often adorned with intricate carvings, hieroglyphs, and statues of gods and pharaohs. - Mesopotamian Ziggurats: Ziggurats were made of mud bricks and had a stepped structure, with each level getting smaller as it reached the top. They were built with a solid core and had external staircases leading to the top platform, where the main temple was located. Ziggurats were often plain in appearance, without elaborate decorations.

3. Religious Beliefs: - Egyptian Temples: Egyptian religion focused on the worship of a pantheon of gods and goddesses, with each temple dedicated to a specific deity. The temples played a crucial role in maintaining the cosmic order and ensuring the prosperity of the kingdom. The pharaoh, as the intermediary between the gods and the people, had a central role in temple rituals. - Mesopotamian Ziggurats: Mesopotamian religion also involved the worship of multiple gods and goddesses, but the ziggurats were primarily associated with the patron deity of the city. The ziggurats were seen as a means of communication between the gods and humans, and the priests played a central role in performing rituals and maintaining the temple.

4. Location and Layout: - Egyptian Temples: Egyptian temples were typically located on the east bank of the Nile River, facing the rising sun. They were often part of larger temple complexes, with the main temple at the center and other structures surrounding it. The temples were designed to align with astronomical events and natural features. - Mesopotamian Ziggurats: Ziggurats were usually located in the center of the city, serving as a prominent landmark. They were standalone structures, not part of larger temple complexes. The ziggurats were often surrounded by other administrative and religious buildings.

These are some of the main differences between Egyptian temples and Mesopotamian ziggurats. It's important to note that there were variations in architectural styles and religious practices within each civilization, so not all temples or ziggurats were the same.