Question

сравните взгляды М.Лютера и Т.Мюнцера

Answer 1

Мартин Лютер (1483—1546) был сыном зажиточного бюргера, выходца из крестьян, ставшего участником предпринимательских компаний в районе меднорудных разработок Мансфельда. Родился Лютер в Эйслебене (Саксония) и вырос в обстановке нараставшей в немецких городах оппозиции католическому духовенству. Лютер окончил Эр-Ауртский университет, но отказался от путей мирянина, вступив в монашеский орден августинцев. Став'доктором богословия, он стремился к устранению «порчи» церкви: в обращении к идеалам Евангелия он видел способ очистить жизнь всего христианского общества. Почву для распространения его идей во многом подготовили своей деятельностью гуманисты. Возмущенный торговлей «отпущением грехов», поставленной на широкую ногу агентом папы и майнцского архиепископа Тецелем, Лютер в конце октября 1517 г. выступил с 95 тезисами против индульгенций. Слова и действия Лютера получили широкую поддержку во всех слоях немецкого общества и дали мощный стимул развитию антиримского оппозиционного движения.В отличие от гуманистов, осуждающих отпущение грехов за плату как характерное злоупотребление церкви и папства, Лютер опровергал саму католическую догму о возможности спасения души лишь при посредничестве католического клира и на основе установленного церковью обряда. В противовес догме и меркантильной церковной практике он подчеркивал значение совести верующего, необходимость для его оправдания глубочайшего раскаяния в грехе* - «сокрушения сердца». Лютер считал, что, только дойдя до полного смирения перед Божьей волей, человек, достигший этой мистической «бездны», может обрести спасительную помощь Божьего милосердия, которое несет оправдание, даруя веру.

Answer 2

Martin Luther's Views

Martin Luther was a German theologian, professor, and key figure in the Protestant Reformation. He is best known for his Ninety-Five Theses, which criticized the Catholic Church's practice of selling indulgences and sparked a movement for religious reform. Luther's views can be summarized as follows:

1. Salvation by Faith Alone: Luther emphasized the belief that salvation is achieved through faith in Jesus Christ alone, rather than through good works or the sacraments. He believed that faith in Christ's atoning sacrifice was the only means of obtaining forgiveness and eternal life.

2. Authority of Scripture: Luther advocated for the authority of the Bible as the ultimate source of religious truth. He translated the Bible into German so that ordinary people could read and interpret it for themselves, challenging the Catholic Church's monopoly on interpreting Scripture.

3. Priesthood of All Believers: Luther believed in the priesthood of all believers, asserting that all Christians have direct access to God and do not require intermediaries such as priests. He emphasized the importance of personal faith and individual responsibility in the relationship between believers and God.

4. Rejection of Papal Authority: Luther strongly criticized the authority of the Pope and the hierarchical structure of the Catholic Church. He rejected the Pope's claim to be the supreme authority in matters of faith and argued for the decentralization of religious power.

Thomas Müntzer's Views

Thomas Müntzer was a German theologian and radical reformer who was active during the early years of the Protestant Reformation. He is associated with the Peasants' War, a popular uprising against the ruling classes in Germany. Müntzer's views can be summarized as follows:

1. Social Justice and Equality: Müntzer advocated for social justice and equality, particularly for the lower classes. He believed that the existing social and economic order was oppressive and called for a more egalitarian society.

2. Millenarianism: Müntzer believed in the imminent arrival of the Kingdom of God on Earth. He saw himself as a prophet and called for radical social and political change in preparation for the coming of the new age.

3. Violent Resistance: Unlike Luther, who advocated for peaceful reform, Müntzer believed in the use of violence to achieve his goals. He supported the use of force in the Peasants' War and called for the overthrow of the ruling classes.

4. Critique of the Church: Müntzer criticized the Catholic Church for its corruption and the Protestant reformers for not going far enough in their reforms. He believed that true Christianity required a complete transformation of society, including the abolition of private property.

Comparison of Luther and Müntzer's Views

While both Martin Luther and Thomas Müntzer were influential figures in the Protestant Reformation, their views differed significantly. Luther focused on religious reform, emphasizing salvation by faith alone, the authority of Scripture, and the priesthood of all believers. Müntzer, on the other hand, had a more radical and social justice-oriented approach, advocating for equality, violent resistance, and the transformation of society.

It is important to note that the comparison provided above is based on general knowledge of Luther and Müntzer's views. For a more detailed analysis, it is recommended to consult scholarly sources on the subject.