Question

Почему все экономические реформы горбачева закончились провалом и распадом страны? дайте развернутый ответ. обоснуйте свою точку зрения

Answer 1

Горбачев пытался сделать коммунизм с лицом демократии. В те времена он был лучшим другом США и делал практически все то, что они пожелают. Из-за этих причин развалились Советы: распад Варшавского Договора, новое образование конфликта в Нагорном Карабахе, протесты против власти в прибалтийский республиках. Люди понимали, что Советский Союз трещал по швам и уже хотели независимости.

Answer 2

Economic Reforms under Gorbachev

Mikhail Gorbachev, the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991, implemented a series of economic reforms known as perestroika ("restructuring") and glasnost ("openness"). These reforms aimed to revitalize the Soviet economy and address the systemic problems that had plagued it for decades.

Perestroika involved decentralizing economic decision-making, allowing more autonomy for state-owned enterprises, and introducing elements of market competition. Glasnost aimed to increase transparency and openness in the political and social spheres.

Factors Contributing to the Failure and Dissolution

The economic reforms under Gorbachev ultimately ended in failure and contributed to the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Several factors played a role in this outcome:

1. Structural Problems: The Soviet economy was burdened by deep-rooted structural issues, including a lack of innovation, inefficiency, and a centralized planning system that stifled productivity and competition. These problems were not adequately addressed by Gorbachev's reforms.

2. Resistance to Change: The reforms faced significant resistance from conservative elements within the Communist Party and the bureaucracy. Many officials were reluctant to relinquish their power and privileges, leading to a lack of implementation and undermining the effectiveness of the reforms.

3. Inadequate Planning and Implementation: The reforms were implemented without a clear and comprehensive plan, leading to confusion and inconsistency in their execution. The lack of proper implementation mechanisms and support structures further hindered their success.

4. Economic Crisis: The Soviet economy was already in a state of decline when Gorbachev assumed power. The reforms exacerbated the economic crisis, leading to a sharp increase in inflation, shortages of essential goods, and a decline in living standards for many Soviet citizens. These economic hardships eroded public support for the reforms and contributed to social unrest.

5. Nationalist Movements: The reforms under Gorbachev inadvertently fueled nationalist sentiments within the Soviet republics. The loosening of central control and the introduction of more openness allowed for the expression of long-suppressed national identities. This, in turn, led to demands for greater autonomy and eventually independence from the Soviet Union.

6. Political Instability: The reforms and the accompanying political liberalization created a power vacuum and weakened the authority of the Communist Party. This, combined with the rise of nationalist movements and growing social unrest, further destabilized the country and contributed to its eventual dissolution.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the economic reforms implemented by Gorbachev, while well-intentioned, ultimately failed to address the deep-rooted structural problems of the Soviet economy. Resistance to change, inadequate planning and implementation, the worsening economic crisis, the rise of nationalist movements, and political instability all played a role in the failure of these reforms and the subsequent dissolution of the Soviet Union.