Question

Установите последовательность изменений в организации жизни людей которые привели к распаду первобытно-общинного строя: 1) возникновение частной собственности 2) появление излишков, развитие обмена 3) начало использования металлов 4) появление союзов племён 5) возникновение государства

Answer 1

1. начало использования металлов ;
2. появление излишков, развитие обмена;
3. появление союзов племён;
4. возникновение частной собственности;
5. возникновение государства.

Answer 2

Changes in the Organization of Human Life Leading to the Disintegration of Primitive Communal Structure

The disintegration of primitive communal structure was a complex process that involved various changes in the organization of human life. The following is a proposed sequence of these changes:

1) Emergence of Private Property: The emergence of private property marked a significant shift in the organization of human life. As individuals began to claim ownership over specific resources, such as land and animals, the concept of communal ownership started to erode. This change led to the formation of social hierarchies and inequalities.

2) Development of Surpluses and the Expansion of Exchange: With the emergence of private property, individuals were motivated to produce more than what they needed for immediate consumption. This led to the development of surpluses, which in turn facilitated the growth of exchange networks. As people started exchanging goods and services, economic relationships became more complex, and the importance of communal ties diminished.

3) Utilization of Metals: The utilization of metals, such as copper, bronze, and iron, played a crucial role in transforming human societies. The ability to extract and manipulate metals allowed for the development of advanced tools and weapons, which increased productivity and changed the dynamics of power within communities. The use of metals also facilitated long-distance trade and the establishment of more complex economic systems.

4) Formation of Tribal Unions: As societies became more complex, the formation of tribal unions or confederations became more prevalent. These unions were often formed for defensive purposes, as communities sought protection against external threats. Tribal unions allowed for the consolidation of power and the establishment of more centralized authority structures.

5) Emergence of States: The emergence of states marked a significant shift in the organization of human life. States are characterized by centralized political authority, the establishment of formal laws, and the monopolization of violence. The formation of states led to the concentration of power in the hands of a ruling elite and the establishment of social hierarchies based on political and economic factors.

It is important to note that the disintegration of primitive communal structure was a gradual and complex process that varied across different regions and cultures. The proposed sequence of changes outlined above provides a general framework for understanding the factors that contributed to this disintegration.