
При феодальном общественном строе собственниками земли являлись: 1) зависимые крестьяне 2) феодалы
3) ремесленники в феодальной вотчине 4) управляющие поместьями

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Feudal Society and Land Ownership
In a feudal society, the owners of the land were primarily: 1) Feudal lords (feudals): These were the nobles or aristocrats who held land from the monarch in exchange for military service or labor obligations. They were at the top of the feudal hierarchy and had vassals who held land from them in a similar manner.
2) Dependent peasants (serfs or villeins): These were the laborers who worked the land and were bound to the land and the lord. They were not free to leave the land and had to provide various services to the lord, such as labor, a share of the produce, or military service.
3) Manorial officials or estate managers: These individuals were responsible for overseeing the day-to-day operations of the manor or estate on behalf of the lord. They often managed the agricultural production and the labor force on the estate.
4) Craftspeople and artisans: While not landowners in the traditional sense, craftspeople and artisans often worked within the manors or estates, providing goods and services to the lord and the surrounding community.
This structure formed the basis of the feudal system, with the ownership and control of land being central to the social and economic relationships of the time.


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