Question

Итоги парижской коммуны!

Answer 1

Парижская Коммуна 1871, первая пролетарская революция и первое правительство рабочего класса, просуществовавшее в Париже 72 дня (18 марта — 28 мая) . Возникновение Парижская Коммуна 1871 было закономерным историческим явлением, вызванным глубокими социальными противоречиями внутри французского общества, обострившимися к концу 60-х гг. в связи с завершением промышленного переворота, ростом численности и организованности пролетариата, повышением его классовой сознательности; вместе с тем Парижская Коммуна 1871 явилась результатом борьбы французского и международного рабочего класса против капиталистической эксплуатации и политического господства буржуазии. Во Франции первой попыткой свергнуть буржуазный строй было Июньское восстание 1848. К концу 60-х гг. мысль о революции, которая приведёт к уничтожению капиталистического строя, всё более овладевала умами передовой части французского пролетариата. Этому способствовала успешная борьба К. Маркса и его сторонников с мелкобуржуазными течениями в 1-м Интернационале. 
Военное руководство не было достаточно централизованным. Оноодновременно находилось в руках Военной комиссии Совета Коммуны и ЦКнациональной гвардии. 
2.Нахождение на тер. Франции немецких войск враждебно относящихся к коммуне. 
3.Недостаток в комммуне финансовых средств, а отсюда и не возможность создать боеспособную армию. 
4.Остальная Франция не смогла поддержать Парижскую коммуну и очаг сопротивления находился только в Париже

Answer 2

The Paris Commune: An Overview

The Paris Commune was a radical socialist and revolutionary government that ruled Paris from March 18 to May 28, 1871. It emerged in the aftermath of the Franco-Prussian War and the fall of Napoleon III's Second French Empire. The Commune represented a significant moment in French history and had a lasting impact on socialist and revolutionary movements around the world.

Background and Causes

The Paris Commune was a response to the political and social unrest that followed the defeat of France in the Franco-Prussian War and the collapse of the Second French Empire. The war resulted in the capture of Napoleon III and the establishment of the Third French Republic. However, the new government faced challenges, including the presence of Prussian troops in Paris and growing discontent among the working class.

Key Events and Policies

The Paris Commune was characterized by its radical policies and attempts to establish a more egalitarian society. Some of the key events and policies of the Commune include:

1. Establishment of the Commune: The Commune was established on March 18, 1871, following the withdrawal of French troops from Paris. The city was declared an independent commune, separate from the rest of France.

2. Socialist and Revolutionary Measures: The Commune implemented various socialist and revolutionary measures, including the separation of church and state, the abolition of the death penalty, the establishment of free education, and the introduction of workers' self-management in factories.

3. Reforms and Decentralization: The Commune aimed to decentralize power and give more autonomy to local communities. It introduced measures such as the election of officials, the establishment of neighborhood councils, and the creation of a National Guard composed of working-class citizens.

4. Suppression and Repression: The Commune faced opposition from the French government, which sought to regain control over Paris. The government launched a military offensive against the Commune, resulting in a brutal suppression and the execution of thousands of Communards.

Impact and Legacy

The Paris Commune had a significant impact on both French and international history. Some of its key impacts and legacies include:

1. Inspiration for Socialist Movements: The Commune served as an inspiration for socialist and revolutionary movements around the world. Its ideas and principles influenced subsequent socialist and communist movements, including the Russian Revolution of 1917.

2. Symbol of Working-Class Resistance: The Commune became a symbol of working-class resistance and the struggle for social justice. It represented a challenge to established power structures and a demand for greater equality and workers' rights.

3. Historical Memory and Commemoration: The Paris Commune continues to be remembered and commemorated in various ways. It is often seen as a heroic episode in the history of the working class and a symbol of the fight against oppression.

4. Debate and Interpretation: The Commune remains the subject of historical debate and interpretation. Scholars and historians continue to analyze its causes, events, and consequences, offering different perspectives on its significance and legacy.

Conclusion

The Paris Commune was a radical socialist and revolutionary government that ruled Paris for a brief period in 1871. It emerged in response to the political and social unrest following the Franco-Prussian War and the fall of the Second French Empire. The Commune implemented various socialist measures and faced brutal suppression by the French government. Its legacy includes its impact on socialist movements, its symbolism as a working-class resistance, and ongoing debates about its significance in history.