Question

Теории возникновения цевилизации?

Answer 1

Предпосылки возникновения первых цивилизаций проявлялись еще во времена первобытного общества. Именно тогда возникли первые зачатки духовной и материальной культуры.

Моментом зарождения первой цивилизации принято считать период, когда первобытный человек перестал быть варваром, и начал постепенно адаптироваться к социальной жизни. Первой ступенькой цивилизации стал коллективный образ жизни человека.

Находясь в составе племени, человек добросовестно исполнял свои социальные функции: поддерживал огонь, охотился в лесу, заботился о детях. Первые цивилизации носят название космогенные. Они охватывали Древний мир и эпоху средневековья.

Общество, которое жило в этих цивилизациях, было полностью зависимым от природных условий, отсюда и название «космогенные цивилизации» (зависимость от среды).

Answer 2

Theories of the Origins of Civilization

The origins of civilization have been a topic of interest and debate among scholars for centuries. Various theories have been proposed to explain how civilizations emerged and developed. Let's explore some of these theories in more detail:

1. Diffusion Theory: According to diffusion theory, civilization originated in one place and then spread to other regions through cultural diffusion. This theory suggests that the development of civilization was influenced by the migration and interaction of different groups of people. For example, the spread of agriculture and the domestication of animals from the Fertile Crescent to other parts of the world is seen as evidence of cultural diffusion.

2. Environmental Theory: The environmental theory proposes that the development of civilization was primarily influenced by environmental factors. It suggests that civilizations emerged in areas with favorable environmental conditions, such as fertile land, access to water, and a mild climate. These favorable conditions allowed for the development of agriculture, which in turn led to the growth of settled communities and the emergence of complex societies.

3. Social Evolution Theory: Social evolution theory posits that civilization developed as a result of social and cultural evolution. It suggests that human societies progressed from simple hunter-gatherer groups to more complex agricultural societies and eventually to urban civilizations. This theory emphasizes the role of social organization, technological advancements, and the accumulation of knowledge and skills in the development of civilization.

4. Cultural Evolution Theory: Cultural evolution theory focuses on the role of cultural factors in the development of civilization. It suggests that civilization emerged as a result of the accumulation and transmission of cultural knowledge and practices. This theory emphasizes the importance of cultural innovations, such as the development of writing systems, the establishment of social institutions, and the creation of complex belief systems, in the development of civilization.

5. Multi-causal Theory: The multi-causal theory takes into account multiple factors, including environmental, social, economic, and cultural factors, in explaining the origins of civilization. It suggests that the development of civilization was a complex process influenced by a combination of different factors. This theory recognizes that there is no single cause or explanation for the emergence of civilization, but rather a combination of various factors working together.

It is important to note that these theories are not mutually exclusive, and different theories may be applicable to different civilizations and time periods. The study of the origins of civilization is an ongoing area of research, and new evidence and interpretations continue to shape our understanding of this fascinating topic.

I hope this provides you with a comprehensive overview of the theories of the origins of civilization. If you have any further questions, feel free to ask!