Question

Причины и последствия Нидерландской революции

Answer 1

Революции предшествовали острые социальные противоречия между нарождавшимся капиталистическим и старым, феодальным, укладами. Но они, во-первых, не имели глобального масштаба, и, во-вторых, были сильно подогреваемы экономическим фактором, обостренным чужеземным вмешательством. Революция собственно и называется в традиционной науке буржуазной ровно потому, что буржуазия играла в революционном движении очень значительную роль. 
По сути, целями всех категорий восставших было: 
1) улучшение своего материального положения, освобождение от непосильного экономического гнёта. Причем даже не нидерландских крестьян от нидерландских дворян, а освобождение всех категорий нидерландского общества от гнёта иноземного, гнёта испанской короны. 
2) восставшие, а в том числе крестьяне и городская беднота, хотели свободы вероисповедания (испанцы, сами будучи католиками, мешали им исповедовать кальвинизм) . Между прочим, Энгельс был склонен считать именно этот фактор наиболее значимым, говорил, что именно «кальвинизм создал республику в Голландии» 2. И эту этическую сторону революции действительно нельзя не учитывать. 
Социальная напряжённость в нидерландском обществе, конечно, была, – но в той естественной мере, в которой она бывает в любом обществе, находящемся на стадии формирования капитализма. 
Стремление к установлению естественного баланса между соотношением торгово-промышленной буржуазии и традиционного дворянства в аппарате управления было третей целью движения. 

Завершилась Нидерландская буржуазная революция освобождением от испанского господ-ства северных провинций и образованием буржуазной республики Соединенных провинций, хотя Южные Нидерланды Филипп II удержал под своей властью. Семь провинций объединились в од-но государство с общим правительством, казной и армией. Во главе республики Соединенных провинций стала Голландия как наиболее развитая в экономическом отношении провинция. Новое государство стало называться Голландией.

Answer 2

The Dutch Revolution: Causes and Consequences

The Dutch Revolution, also known as the Dutch Revolt or the Eighty Years' War, was a significant event that took place in the 16th and 17th centuries in the Netherlands. It was a struggle for independence from Spanish rule and had profound political, religious, and economic consequences. Let's explore the causes and consequences of the Dutch Revolution in more detail.

Causes of the Dutch Revolution

1. Religious Conflict: One of the major causes of the Dutch Revolution was religious conflict. The Netherlands was predominantly Calvinist, while Spain, under the rule of Philip II, was staunchly Catholic. Philip II's attempts to suppress Calvinism and impose Catholicism in the Netherlands led to widespread discontent among the Dutch population.

2. Political Oppression: The Dutch people also resented the political oppression imposed by the Spanish authorities. Philip II appointed Spanish governors to rule over the Netherlands, which further fueled the discontent and desire for self-governance.

3. Economic Factors: Economic factors also played a role in the Dutch Revolution. The Netherlands was a prosperous region with a thriving trade network, and the Dutch merchants resented the heavy taxation imposed by the Spanish crown. Additionally, the Dutch bourgeoisie felt that their economic interests were being undermined by Spanish policies.

4. National Identity: The Dutch people developed a strong sense of national identity and unity, which fueled their desire for independence. They saw themselves as a distinct nation with their own language, culture, and traditions, and they wanted to govern themselves rather than being under Spanish rule.

Consequences of the Dutch Revolution

1. Independence: The Dutch Revolution ultimately resulted in the independence of the Netherlands from Spanish rule. The Dutch Republic, also known as the United Provinces of the Netherlands, was established in 1581 and became a sovereign state.

2. Religious Tolerance: The Dutch Republic became known for its religious tolerance. Unlike many other European countries at the time, the Dutch allowed different religious groups to practice their faith freely. This policy attracted religious minorities from other countries, contributing to the cultural and economic prosperity of the Dutch Republic.

3. Golden Age: The Dutch Republic experienced a period of economic and cultural prosperity known as the Dutch Golden Age. The Dutch became a major maritime and trading power, establishing colonies and dominating global trade. This period saw significant advancements in art, science, and philosophy, with figures like Rembrandt and Spinoza emerging as influential figures.

4. Legacy: The Dutch Revolution had a lasting impact on the political and cultural landscape of the Netherlands. The principles of religious tolerance, democratic governance, and individual freedoms that emerged during this period continue to shape Dutch society to this day.

In conclusion, the Dutch Revolution was driven by religious conflict, political oppression, economic factors, and a strong sense of national identity. It resulted in the independence of the Netherlands from Spanish rule, religious tolerance, and a period of economic and cultural prosperity. The legacy of the Dutch Revolution can still be seen in the principles and values that define Dutch society today.