Question

Как возник английский парламент?чем он отличается от генеральных штатов по своему устройству и по своим правам?в чем они сходны между собой?

Answer 1

Граф Симон де Монфор временно управлявший Англией в 1265 году созвал собрание, на котором присутствовал как духовные и светские феодалы, так и представители рыцарей и городов. Это собрание получило название парламент. Генеральные штаты во Франции были созваны позже - в 1302 году. Отличие английского Парламента от французских штатов в том, что  Парламент состоял из двух палат(палата лордов и палата общин), а Генеральные штаты из трех палат(духовенство, дворянство и зажиточных горожан). Английский парламент имел большее влияние в стране, чем штаты во Франции.

Answer 2

The Origin of the English Parliament

The English Parliament has a long history that dates back to the 13th century. Its origins can be traced to the medieval period when the English monarchy sought the advice and consent of the nobility and clergy on matters of governance and taxation. Over time, this evolved into a representative body that included not only the nobility and clergy but also representatives from the common people.

The English Parliament was established as a result of several key historical events. One of the most significant was the signing of the Magna Carta in 1215, which limited the power of the monarchy and established certain rights and liberties for the nobility. The Magna Carta laid the foundation for the development of a representative assembly that would eventually become the English Parliament.

Another important event in the history of the English Parliament was the Model Parliament of 1295. This was the first parliament to include representatives from the common people, known as the House of Commons. The Model Parliament set a precedent for future parliaments and established the principle that the consent of the governed was necessary for the imposition of taxes.

Differences Between the English Parliament and the General States

While both the English Parliament and the General States (also known as the Estates-General) are representative bodies, there are several key differences in their structure and powers.

1. Structure: The English Parliament consists of two houses: the House of Commons and the House of Lords. The House of Commons is composed of elected representatives, while the House of Lords is made up of appointed members, including hereditary peers, life peers, and bishops. The General States, on the other hand, typically consists of three estates: the clergy, the nobility, and the commoners.

2. Powers: The English Parliament has significant legislative powers and is responsible for making laws, approving the government's budget, and scrutinizing the actions of the executive branch. The House of Commons, in particular, has the power to initiate legislation and holds the primary responsibility for financial matters. The House of Lords acts as a revising chamber, reviewing and amending legislation proposed by the House of Commons.

The General States, on the other hand, historically had limited legislative powers and primarily served as an advisory body to the monarch. Its role was to provide counsel and consent on matters of governance and taxation. However, the powers of the General States varied depending on the country and time period in question.

Similarities Between the English Parliament and the General States

Despite their differences, the English Parliament and the General States share some similarities:

1. Representative Function: Both the English Parliament and the General States serve as representative bodies that aim to represent the interests of the people. They provide a platform for elected representatives to voice the concerns and opinions of their constituents.

2. Historical Significance: Both institutions have played significant roles in the history of their respective countries. The English Parliament has been instrumental in shaping the development of democratic governance in England, while the General States have had a profound impact on the political and social history of countries such as France and the Netherlands.

3. Evolution and Adaptation: Both the English Parliament and the General States have evolved and adapted over time to reflect changing political, social, and economic circumstances. They have undergone reforms and adjustments to ensure their continued relevance and effectiveness in representing the interests of the people.

In conclusion, the English Parliament and the General States are representative bodies with distinct structures and powers. While the English Parliament has a bicameral structure and significant legislative powers, the General States historically had limited legislative powers and primarily served as an advisory body. However, both institutions have played important roles in their respective countries' histories and share common functions as representative bodies.