Question

Почему, в отличие от Англии,Франция и Испания,в Германии и Италии в Средневековье не возникло единых централизованных государства

Answer 1

Ответ. Ни в Германии, ни в Италии не было влиятельных сил, которым была бы нужна централизация. Феодалы, особенно крупные, во всех странах были против неё. Города и союзы городов в этих странах были достаточно сильны, чтобы отстаивать свои интересы самостоятельно. Мнение крестьян в Средневековье редко на что-то влияло. 

Answer 2

Why centralization of power occurred differently in Germany and Italy compared to England, France and Spain

The centralization of power and formation of unified nation-states occurred differently in Germany and Italy compared to England, France and Spain in the Middle Ages for several key reasons:

Germany and Italy lacked strong central governments: Unlike England, France and Spain which had powerful monarchies, Germany and Italy were fragmented into many smaller states, duchies, city-states and territories. This made it difficult to unify these regions under a single central authority.

Regionalism was strong: In both Germany and Italy, strong regional identities and loyalties to local rulers prevailed over any sense of national identity. The numerous regional powers jealously guarded their independence and resisted domination by outside forces

Absence of feudalism: While feudalism helped centralize power in England, France and Spain by granting land to vassals in return for loyalty to the monarch, this system was not well established in the Holy Roman Empire which covered Germany and much of northern Italy Local powers faced less pressure to submit to an overall feudal hierarchy.

So in short, the lack of strong central governments, prevalence of regionalism and absence of feudalism hindered the political unification of Germany and Italy in the Middle Ages, unlike the more centralized nation-states that emerged in Western Europe during this period. The fragmentation in Germany and Italy would have important consequences for the future histories of these regions.