Question

В чем состояла реформа центрального управления Петра |? Чем была вызвана необходимость принятия указа о единонаследии? С какой целью Петр предпринял обласную реформу ? Что нового было введено в управление городами? Каковы были итоги церковной реформы?

Answer 1

1.Петр издал в 1714 году указ о единонаследии, чтобы уберечь его(Петра) от "Земельного оскудения"!Земли теперь передавались по наследству только старшему сыну, но зато наследники-счастличцы обязаны были служить в армии пожизненно! 
2.Цель-усиление местного управления и повышение авторитета и роли аппарата управления в жизни государства. Ликвидация возможности заговора против провительства и императора.
3.Назначаемые царем воеводы были заменены выборными Городскими магистрами, подчиненные главному магистрату. Магистраты обеспечивали сбор налогов и выполняли судебные функции. Эти меры означали развитие городского самоуправления. 
4.Отмена патриаршества; церковь теряла свою независимость от гос-ва, право распоряжаться своей собственностью. В результате реформы церковь потеряла огромную часть своего влияния и превратилась в часть гос. аппарата, строго контролируемую светской властью.  

Answer 2

Reforms of Central Administration by Peter the Great

Peter the Great implemented significant reforms in the central administration of Russia during his reign. These reforms were aimed at modernizing and centralizing the government to strengthen the state.

Reform of Central Administration: Peter the Great's reform of the central administration involved the creation of new government institutions and the restructuring of existing ones. He aimed to modernize the administrative system and make it more efficient.

The reform included the establishment of the Senate in 1711, which served as the highest governing body and was responsible for legislative and executive functions. Additionally, the College system was introduced to oversee various areas such as finance, foreign affairs, war, and justice. These reforms aimed to centralize power and streamline decision-making processes [[1]].

Necessity of the Law of Succession: The necessity for the Law of Succession, or the "Ukaz of Succession," was driven by Peter the Great's desire to establish a clear line of succession for the Russian throne. This was crucial to avoid succession disputes and ensure stability in the leadership of the country.

The Ukaz of Succession was issued in 1722 and outlined the rules for the succession of the Russian throne, establishing the order of succession among the Tsar's descendants. This was a significant step in consolidating power and preventing potential conflicts over the throne [[2]].

Purpose of Provincial Reform: Peter the Great undertook provincial reform with the aim of modernizing local governance and strengthening the central authority's control over the regions. The reform sought to bring uniformity and efficiency to the administration of the provinces.

As part of this reform, Peter introduced the system of provincial governors, known as "gubernii," to oversee the administration of the provinces. This centralized control and allowed for more effective governance of the regions [[3]].

Innovations in Urban Administration: In the realm of urban administration, Peter the Great introduced the system of "gubernskie goroda," which were provincial towns directly governed by the provincial governors. This centralized control aimed to improve the management of urban areas and ensure their alignment with the central government's policies [[4]].

Results of Church Reform: The church reform implemented by Peter the Great aimed to bring the Russian Orthodox Church under state control and modernize its administrative and financial systems. The reform resulted in the establishment of the Holy Synod in 1721, which replaced the Patriarchate and placed the church directly under the control of the Tsar.

The Holy Synod served as the highest governing body of the Russian Orthodox Church and was responsible for its administration and governance. This reform significantly enhanced the state's influence over the church and its affairs [[5]].

These reforms implemented by Peter the Great played a crucial role in transforming Russia into a more centralized and modern state, laying the foundation for its future development and governance.