Question

Структура православной и католической церкви в вкл​

Answer 1

Ответ:В кон. 12 – нач. 13 вв. заметную активность начинает проявлять Литва,  в своих набегах на Волынскую, Смоленскую, Псковскую земли, беспрепятственно проходившая Западную Русь. Мелкие и слабые княжения Полоцкой и Туровской земель оказались бессильны противостоять ее вторжениям, и, вероятно, пропускали Литву через свои территории, с тем условием, чтобы она грабила больше их соседей, оставляя в покое Западную Русь.

Положение западнорусских земель еще более осложнилось после нашествия на Северо-Восточную и Южную Русь татаро-монгол (1237 – 1240 гг. ), превратившихся в реальную угрозу  и для предков белорусов. Их нашествие совпало по времени с объединением в единый Ливонский орден (1237 г.) двух, ранее утвердившихся в Прибалтике, немецких орденов: Меченосцев (1202 г.) и Тевтонов (1230 г.), вскоре обрушившихся всей своей военной мощью на литовцев и Западную Русь.

Объяснение:

Answer 2

Structure of the Orthodox and Catholic Churches

The Orthodox Church and the Catholic Church are two major branches of Christianity. While they share some similarities, they also have distinct differences in their structure and organization.

Orthodox Church: The Orthodox Church is a communion of autocephalous (self-governing) churches, each headed by a bishop. The highest authority in the Orthodox Church is the Ecumenical Patriarch, who is considered the "first among equals" among the bishops. The Orthodox Church does not have a centralized authority like the Pope in the Catholic Church. Instead, decisions are made collectively by the bishops in councils, such as the Ecumenical Councils held in the early centuries of Christianity.

The Orthodox Church is organized into regional jurisdictions, each led by a bishop or metropolitan. These jurisdictions are further divided into dioceses, which are overseen by bishops. The priests serve in local parishes and are under the authority of the bishop of their diocese.

Catholic Church: The Catholic Church is headed by the Pope, who is considered the successor of Saint Peter and the visible head of the Church. The Pope has the authority to make final decisions on matters of doctrine and discipline. Under the Pope, the Catholic Church is organized into various administrative units, including dioceses, archdioceses, and provinces.

At the diocesan level, the bishop is the highest authority and is responsible for the spiritual and administrative oversight of the diocese. The diocese is further divided into parishes, each led by a priest. The priests are under the authority of the bishop and are responsible for the pastoral care of the faithful in their parishes.

Differences: One of the key differences between the Orthodox and Catholic Churches is the issue of papal authority. While the Pope is the supreme authority in the Catholic Church, the Orthodox Church does not recognize the Pope's universal jurisdiction. Instead, decisions in the Orthodox Church are made collectively by the bishops in councils.

Another difference is the liturgical tradition. The Orthodox Church follows the Byzantine liturgical tradition, while the Catholic Church has different liturgical traditions, including the Roman, Ambrosian, and Mozarabic rites.

It's important to note that the structure and organization of the Orthodox and Catholic Churches can vary in different regions and countries. The information provided here is a general overview and may not apply to every specific case.