Question

В чому полягала незавершенність селянської реформи 1861 р., а отже виникла потреба в реформі П.Столипіна? Дайте стислу характеристику селянської реформи П.Столипіна: мета, заходи, результати.

Answer 1

Селянська реформа П. Столипіна, запроваджена в 1906 році, мала на меті зробити селян землевласниками, вирішити проблему земельної власності та створити стабільну сільськогосподарську базу для розвитку промисловості. Для досягнення цих цілей, П. Столипін здійснив наступні заходи:

1) Скасування земельних громад, що дає змогу селянам купувати та продавати землю.

2) Створення земельних банків, які надавали позики для купівлі землі.

3) Скасування заборон на вільний ринок зерна та інших сільськогосподарських продуктів.

4) Введення нової земельної форми власності - приватна власність на землю.

5) Проведення земельної переписки та розподілу землі селянам, які ще не мали своєї землі.

Реформа 1861 року, офіційно відома як «Реформа про визволення селян», була значним кроком у напрямку відміни кріпосного права в Російській імперії. Основні результати реформи такі:

1) Закон забезпечив визволення з кріпацтва більш ніж 23 мільйонів селян, що становило більше половини населення Росії.

2) Селяни отримали можливість власності на землю і надалі користувалися нею за плату.

3) Припинення кріпосного права стимулювало розвиток ринкових відносин, збільшення виробництва та збільшення кількості робочої сили.

4)Реформа привела до покращення матеріального становища селян і зменшення соціальної напруги в Росії.

Однак, реформа мала також свої незавершені аспекти, такі як високі земельні ренти, які селяни повинні були платити, низький рівень життя селян та дискримінація відносно найбідніших шарів населення. Все це стало причиною того, що на початку 20 століття у Росії виникла потреба в новій реформі, яку було запроваджено під час правління Петра Столипіна.

Answer 2

The Incompleteness of the Peasant Reform of 1861 and the Need for Stolypin's Reform

The peasant reform of 1861 in Russia aimed to abolish serfdom and grant land to the peasants. However, the reform was incomplete and faced several challenges, leading to the need for further reforms under Prime Minister Pyotr Stolypin.

The main reasons for the incompleteness of the peasant reform of 1861 can be summarized as follows:

1. Land Redistribution: The reform aimed to distribute land among the peasants, but the allocation process was flawed. The land was divided into two parts: the peasant commune (obshchina) and individual peasant households. However, the distribution was often unequal, with some peasants receiving less fertile land or insufficient plots. This led to dissatisfaction and unequal economic opportunities among the peasants.

2. Redemption Payments: The peasants were required to pay redemption payments to the former landowners for the land they received. These payments were often burdensome and prolonged the peasants' dependence on the landowners. Many peasants struggled to meet these payments, leading to debt and continued economic hardships.

3. Communal Land Ownership: The reform maintained the communal ownership of land within the peasant commune. This system limited individual initiative and hindered agricultural productivity. The land was often divided into small, fragmented plots, making it difficult for peasants to implement modern farming techniques.

4. Lack of Political Rights: The peasants did not receive full political rights after the reform. They were still subject to local authorities and lacked representation in the government. This limited their ability to advocate for their interests and address their grievances effectively.

The incompleteness of the peasant reform of 1861 created social and economic tensions in rural Russia. The need for further reforms became evident, and Pyotr Stolypin, who served as Prime Minister from 1906 to 1911, implemented a series of reforms to address these issues.

Stolypin's Peasant Reform: Objectives, Measures, and Results

Pyotr Stolypin's peasant reform, also known as the Stolypin agrarian reform, aimed to address the shortcomings of the previous reform and improve the living conditions of the peasants. The key objectives, measures, and results of Stolypin's reform can be summarized as follows:

Objectives: - Increase Agricultural Productivity: Stolypin aimed to modernize agriculture and increase productivity by encouraging individual peasant households to consolidate their land and implement modern farming techniques. - Strengthen Peasant Land Ownership: The reform aimed to provide peasants with secure and individual land ownership rights, allowing them to freely buy, sell, and mortgage their land. - Improve Peasant Living Standards: Stolypin sought to improve the economic well-being of the peasants by reducing their dependence on the commune and promoting individual entrepreneurship.

Measures: - Voluntary Land Consolidation: Stolypin introduced measures to encourage peasants to voluntarily consolidate their land plots into larger, more efficient farms. This consolidation aimed to facilitate the adoption of modern agricultural practices and increase productivity. - Land Reform Laws: Stolypin enacted laws that facilitated the transfer of land from the commune to individual peasant households. These laws allowed peasants to acquire land through purchase, inheritance, or lease, thereby strengthening their land ownership rights. - Agrarian Credit: Stolypin established agricultural credit institutions to provide peasants with access to loans for purchasing land, equipment, and other agricultural necessities. This aimed to support the peasants' transition to individual farming and improve their economic conditions.

Results: - Land Consolidation: The reform led to a significant increase in the consolidation of land by individual peasant households. Many peasants voluntarily merged their small plots into larger farms, allowing for more efficient agricultural practices. - Increased Agricultural Productivity: The adoption of modern farming techniques and consolidation of land contributed to an increase in agricultural productivity. Peasants who embraced the reform saw improvements in crop yields and overall farm profitability. - Strengthened Land Ownership: The reform provided peasants with more secure land ownership rights, allowing them to freely buy, sell, and mortgage their land. This increased their economic independence and facilitated social mobility. - Improved Living Standards: The reform had a positive impact on the living standards of some peasants. Those who embraced the reform and achieved economic success experienced improved living conditions and increased social status.

It is important to note that Stolypin's peasant reform faced challenges and was not uniformly successful across all regions of Russia. The reform was cut short by political upheavals, including the Russian Revolution of 1917, which brought significant changes to the country's social and political landscape.

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