Question

Визначте, які процеси, що відбулися у 1944 р. – на початку 1945 р. дають О. Субтельному підстави для таких висновків. Послідовно виконуючи наведені завдання, дайте оцінку цих процесів. Срочно пожалуйста

Answer 1

На початку 1945 року, під час Другої світової війни, було багато подій, які вплинули на подальший розвиток світу. Деякі з них можуть бути особливо важливими для О. Субтельного. Ось кілька з них:

1. Битва під Сталінградом: зимою 1942-1943 років радянські війська змогли зупинити наступ нацистської Німеччини на східному фронті та здобути перемогу в битві під Сталінградом. Ця битва була переломною в ході війни та означала початок кінця нацистської Німеччини.
2. Ялтинська конференція: у лютому 1945 року лідери СРСР, США та Великої Британії зустрілися на Ялтинській конференції, щоб обговорити подальші дії у війні та після неї. У результаті було узгоджено план відкриття другого фронту в Європі та подальші дії проти Японії.
3. Остаточне визволення Польщі та розпочаття наступу на Берлін: у 1944 році радянські війська визволили Польщу та розпочали наступ на Берлін. Ці події стали ключовими в остаточній перемозі над нацистською Німеччиною.
4. Конференція в Сан-Франциско: у квітні-червні 1945 року відбулася конференція в Сан-Франциско, на якій було ухвалено Устав Організації Об'єднаних Націй.
5. Атомні бомбардування Хірошими та Нагасакі: 6 та 9 серпня 1945 року США кинули атомні бомби на японські міста Хіросіму та Нагасакі

Answer 2

Processes in 1944-1945 and their Assessment

The period from 1944 to the beginning of 1945 was a critical time during World War II, with several significant processes taking place. Let's examine these processes and provide an assessment of their impact.

1. Allied Invasion of Normandy (D-Day)

One of the most significant events during this period was the Allied invasion of Normandy, commonly known as D-Day. On June 6, 1944, the Allied forces launched a massive amphibious assault on the beaches of Normandy in France. This operation marked the beginning of the end for Nazi Germany's control over Western Europe.

The invasion was meticulously planned and involved a combined force of American, British, Canadian, and other Allied troops. The successful landing at Normandy allowed the Allies to establish a foothold in France and begin the liberation of Western Europe from German occupation.

Assessment: The Allied invasion of Normandy was a pivotal moment in World War II. It demonstrated the Allies' determination to defeat Nazi Germany and marked a turning point in the war. The successful landing at Normandy opened up a second front in Europe and put significant pressure on the German forces. Ultimately, it contributed to the eventual defeat of Germany.

2. Battle of Stalingrad

The Battle of Stalingrad, which took place from August 23, 1942, to February 2, 1943, was a major turning point in the war on the Eastern Front. However, its impact continued to be felt in 1944 and 1945. The battle was a brutal and protracted struggle between German and Soviet forces for control of the city of Stalingrad (now Volgograd) in the Soviet Union.

The Soviet Union's victory at Stalingrad was a significant blow to the German war effort. It not only halted the German advance into the Soviet Union but also marked the first major defeat for the German army. The battle resulted in heavy casualties on both sides, with estimates of over two million total casualties.

Assessment: The Battle of Stalingrad was a turning point in the war on the Eastern Front. The Soviet Union's victory demonstrated the resilience and determination of the Soviet people and dealt a severe blow to German morale. It also marked the beginning of a series of Soviet offensives that would eventually lead to the liberation of Eastern Europe from German occupation.

3. Yalta Conference

The Yalta Conference, held from February 4 to 11, 1945, was a meeting between the leaders of the Allied powers: Franklin D. Roosevelt (United States), Winston Churchill (United Kingdom), and Joseph Stalin (Soviet Union). The conference took place in Yalta, Crimea, and aimed to discuss the post-war reorganization of Europe and the establishment of a new international order.

During the conference, the leaders discussed various issues, including the division of Germany, the establishment of the United Nations, and the future of Eastern Europe. The agreements reached at Yalta had far-reaching consequences for the post-war world and set the stage for the subsequent division of Europe into Eastern and Western blocs.

Assessment: The Yalta Conference was a significant event that shaped the post-war world order. While the conference achieved some important agreements, such as the establishment of the United Nations, it also laid the groundwork for the division of Europe and the onset of the Cold War. The division of Germany and the influence exerted by the Soviet Union in Eastern Europe were sources of tension and conflict in the years that followed.

4. Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

In August 1945, the United States dropped atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. These bombings, which occurred on August 6 and August 9, respectively, were the first and only use of nuclear weapons in warfare.

The bombings resulted in the deaths of an estimated 200,000 people, mostly civilians, and caused significant destruction. The devastation caused by the atomic bombs, coupled with the Soviet Union's declaration of war on Japan, led to Japan's surrender on August 15, 1945, effectively ending World War II.

Assessment: The atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki were highly controversial and remain subjects of debate to this day. While some argue that the bombings were necessary to bring about a swift end to the war and save lives in the long run, others criticize the bombings as unnecessary and inhumane. The bombings had a profound impact on the course of history, as they ushered in the nuclear age and raised ethical questions about the use of such weapons.

In conclusion, the processes that took place in 1944-1945, including the Allied invasion of Normandy, the Battle of Stalingrad, the Yalta Conference, and the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, had significant consequences for the outcome of World War II and the post-war world order. These events shaped the course of history and continue to be subjects of study and analysis.