Question

Які знаряддя праці використовували селяни в середньовіччі?

Answer 1

Уже в період Середньовіччя на теренах України поширюються досконаліші, ніж ручні жорна, засоби переробки зерна — водяні млини і вітряки. Перші з них були двох видів: стаціонарні (з греблею) і наплавні (розташовані на поромі, на так званих ладєйних суднах). Стаціонарний водяний млин приводився в дію за допомогою води, яка текла від греблі змонтованим дерев'яним жолобом і падала на ковші його колеса зверху, а навлавний — за допомогою протічної води. В останньому випадку колесо млина обладнували довгими лопатями

Answer 2

Tools and Equipment Used by Peasants in the Middle Ages

In the Middle Ages, peasants used a variety of tools and equipment for agricultural work and daily life. Some of the common tools and equipment used by peasants in the Middle Ages included:

1. Ploughs and Harrows: - Peasants used ploughs and harrows for tilling the soil and preparing it for planting crops. - *Source:* " , . [. | . ] '. , 1- ; . , ( .). , "

2. Sickles and Scythes: - Sickles and scythes were used for cutting and harvesting crops such as wheat and barley. - *Source:* " . ... ? ."

3. Hoes and Rakes: - Peasants used hoes for weeding and cultivating the soil, while rakes were used for gathering hay and leaves. - *Source:* " . : | . , , , , .[27]| 21 1918 : | , , ; , - ... , , , , .[28] . - 1921"

4. Axes and Saws: - Axes and saws were essential for cutting wood for construction, fuel, and other purposes. - *Source:* "... . , , - , ..."

5. Spinning Wheels and Looms: - Peasant women used spinning wheels and looms for making yarn and weaving cloth for clothing and household items. - *Source:* " : May 15, 2010 ... , . ."

6. Mortar and Pestle: - Peasants used mortar and pestle for grinding grains and herbs. - *Source:* " ... . .. [14]. ."

7. Hand Mills: - Hand mills were used for grinding grains into flour for making bread and other food items. - *Source:* " , ( , ) ... , -2001,."

8. Pitchforks and Shovels: - Pitchforks and shovels were used for handling hay, manure, and other agricultural tasks. - *Source:* " 1 ... - , . ' - ..."

9. Wooden Plows: - Wooden plows were commonly used for plowing fields before the introduction of iron plows. - *Source:* ". . , . . ... , ... , ..."

10. Water Wheels: - In some regions, water wheels were used to harness the power of water for milling grain and other industrial purposes. - *Source:* "--vs-.--.-- ... , - . -- ..."

These tools and equipment were essential for the agricultural and domestic activities of peasants in the Middle Ages, contributing to their livelihood and sustenance.